Agency CostsFountain Corporations economists estimate that a good business environment and a bad business environment are equally likely for the coming year. The managers of the company must choose between two mutually exclusive projects. Assume that the project the company chooses will be the firms only activity and that the firm will close one year from today. The company is obligated to make a $3,800 payment to bondholders at the end of the year. The projects have the same systematic risk but different volatilities. Consider the following information pertaining to the two projects:

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Economy	Probability	Low-Volatility Project Payoff	High-Volatility Project Payoff
Bad Good	.50 .50	$3,800 4,000	$3,200 4,600

a.What is the expected value of the company if the low-volatility project is undertaken? What if the high-volatility project is undertaken? Which of the two strategies maximizes the expected value of the firm?

b.What is the expected value of the companys equity if the low-volatility project is undertaken? What is it if the high-volatility project is undertaken?

c.Which project would the companys stockholders prefer? Explain.

d.Suppose bondholders are fully aware that stockholders might choose to maximize equity value rather than total firm value and opt for the high-volatility project. To minimize this agency cost, the firms bondholders decide to use a bond covenant to stipulate that the bondholders can demand a higher payment if the company chooses to take on the high-volatility project. What payment to bondholders would make stockholders indifferent between the two projects?