a)Identify the key differences between the par value and the market value of a bond.

[4 marks]

b)A zero-coupon bond is selling for $476. The bond has a face value of $1,000 and matures in 8 years. Your friend asks you if he should buy the bond. He tells you his required return is 9 percent. Would you recommend he buy the bond or not? Explain your answer.

[3 marks]

c)How do credit rating agencies arrive at a bond rating decision?

[5 marks]

d)Using diagrams, demonstrate your understanding of payoff for the buyers and issuers (or writers) of call and put options.[8 marks]