Al raises an extraordinarily attractive litter of beagle puppies. One of thepuppies, Cindy, is especially breathtaking. She is 18 months old whenStella, who owns a champion male breeder, Spike, approaches Al andwants to know if this precious puppy has already been spayed. Al respondsthat the dog is in excellent health and will make a wonderful mother. Stellaresponds, "Excellent, I want to breed Spike immediately and Cindy will bejust perfect." Al sells Cindy for five thousand dollars. Six months laterStella returns, positively apoplectic: it turns out that Cindy cannot havepuppies. Al knew all along that Cindy had been neutered. In this case:

1Al did nothing wrong

2Al committed fraud

3Al told a little white lie, but it was harmless.

4Al committed ordinary salesmanship and puffery.