Alfred has carved out a long and successful career as a human factors engineer with an integrated oil and gas company, Shale plc. The company has been under duress since WTI oil prices plunged from a peak of $107.45 per barrel in June 2014 to a low of $29.01 per barrel in January 2016. Although prices have recovered modestly, the general industry consensus is that prices will be lower for longer and Shale plc has been looking to trim excess fat in its operations.

In the past, Alfred was extremely conservative in his outlook and consciously plans for the future but, after his wife died three years ago due to a tragic car accident, he has been living life in the fast lane and firmly believes YOLO. He recently celebrated his 55th birthday with his only child, Isabelle, who is starting a four-year university program, with tuition and associated expenses estimated to be $40,000 a year. During her time at the university, she plans to run an artisanal cafe that requires an annual operating lease of $180,000 and other yearly operating costs of $70,000, but is expected to generate revenues of $330,000 per year. These annual cash flows are subject to income taxes and begin in a year but fitting-out costs for the cafe of $120,000 will be incurred immediately. Isabelle is asking for Alfreds support for half of the operating lease expenses and will proceed to run the cafe if her return on investment is at least 10% per year.

As Alfred was mildly inebriated during his birthday celebration, he promised his daughter not only to fund her university-related expenses but also to financially support her cafe venture as requested. He does not expect any return on these investments. The good news is that Alfreds annual income is $500,000 and is expected to increase by 5% per year. His annual living expenses is $100,000, expected to increase at the inflation rate of 3% per year. Alfred also makes annual payments of $200,000 towards an outstanding mortgage loan that will be fully paid off just when he turns 65, which is also when he will retire.

To date, Alfred has accumulated an investable wealth of $1,000,000 and would like his portfolio (excluding the value of his home) to grow to $3,000,000 by the time he retires. He insists that cash flow requirements not be funded by selling securities. You gather and present pertinent information about select asset classes and possible portfolios in Exhibits 1 and 2, respectively. Income and capital gains are taxed at 25% and 15%, respectively.

Exhibit 1. Capital Market expectations for select asset classes

no 1	asset class	income yield	capital gains	covariance
				1	2	3	4
1	cash	0.00%	0.00%	-	-	-	-
2	public equity	2.50%	9.80%	-	0.0237	0.0026	0.0075
3	fixed income	5.00%	5.10%	-	0.0026	0.0045	0.0011
4	hedge funds	0.00%	17.40%	-	0.0075	0.0011	0.0052

Exhibit 2 prospective portfolios

no	asset class	portfolio weights
		A	B	C
1	cash	10%	20%	40%
2	public equity	20%	20%	20%
3	fixed income	30%	60%	30%
4	hedge funds	40%	0%	10%
standard deviation		6.29%	5.64%	4.56%

Question 2

(a) Analyse Alfreds risk tolerance.

(b) Discuss liquidity concerns and any circumstances unique to Alfred that should be noted in his investment policy statement.