All of the following are true with regards to civil law EXCEPT: a. litigating a civil fraud case usually begins when a client in a case of alleged fraud approaches an attorney. b. before a perpetrator is convicted civilly, he or she must be proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. c. to be successful, the plaintiff in a civil case must prove his or her case by the preponderance ofthe evidence. d. it begins when one party files a claim for restitution from another, usually for the purpose of gaining financial restitution. e. none of the other responses are correct. What is a probable cause? a. A written order in the name of the court, requiring a witness to submit to a deposition, give testimony at trial, or report to an administrative body. b. The level of evidence usually required by ajury to arrive at a unanimous verdict in a criminal case. c. Series of written questions that specifically identify information needed from the opposing party. d. The likelihood of a conviction is probable based on the overwhelming evidence of the guilt of the accused. e. The level of evidence required for a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been committed and the accused committed it. An individual would like to reduce the federal and state income tax they pay each year. Which of the following is a tax fraud scheme that the individual may perpetrate to reduce their income tax? a. None of the above because they are tax avoidance techniques, which are allowed. b. Deducting personal expenses and claiming them as a business expense. c. Under reporting income. d. All of the above are, by definition, tax fraud schemes. e. Overstating deductions from income