All questions are based on this article:

Heymann D, Stern Y, Cosentino S, Tatarina-Nulman O, Dorrejo JN, Gu Y. The Association Between Alcohol Use and the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease.pdf Download Heymann D, Stern Y, Cosentino S, Tatarina-Nulman O, Dorrejo JN, Gu Y. The Association Between Alcohol Use and the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease.pdf

Question 1: What is the research question?

Question 2: What was the study design? Explain your answer (not sufficient to say it was stated in the article).

Question 3: The study received IRB approval AND informed consent from participants.

a. True

b. False

Question 4: From where were participants selected to be in the study (what was the sampling frame)?

Question 5: What were the inclusion criteria for this study, and ultimately who was the study sample?

Question 6: Identify one strength and one weakness of this sampling strategy.

Question 7: Who are the findings from this study generalizable to?

Question 8: What was the exposure in this study?

a. Alzheimer's Disease

b. Alcohol Use

c. mMMSE score

Question 9: How was the exposure measured?

a. By asking the participants' primary caregiver

b. By using the mMMSE tool

c. Asking participants to fill out a self-reported survey

d. By observing participants' behavior

Question 10: What was the outcome in the study?

a. Alcohol Use

b. Alzheimer's Disease

c. Cognitive Decline

Question 11: How was the outcome measured?

a. Through questionnaire filled out by the primary caregiver

b. Using the mMMSE tool

c. By examining a blood test

d. Through a self-reported questionnaire

Question 12: What is/are the purpose(s) of Table 1 in this paper?

a. To show the association between mMMSE score and alcohol use.

b. To show the differences in the demographic and clinical characteristics between the three alcohol use groups.

c. To show the differences in the demographic and clinical characteristics between the study sample and those who were excluded from the study..

d. B and C

Question 13: Looking at Table 1, what percentage of study subjects of Black race abstain from drinking alcohol?

Question 14: Looking at Table 1, what is the largest difference those included in the study compared to those excluded from the study?

a. Excluded individuals have a higher percentage of Hypertension

b. Those included in the study are older.

c. Gender

d. Higher alcohol consumption in the included subjects.

Question 15: Based on the included and excluded individuals shown in Table 1, do you think there is a selection bias? Explain your answer.

Question 16: Figure 2 shows that over the 6-year study period, abstainers had the highest mMMSE scores.

a. True

b. False

Question 17: Which of the following is NOT true about Figure 2?

a. Time was associated with cognitive decline among all alcohol users.

b. Around year 3 mild-moderate drinkers and heavy drinkers have similar mMMSE scores.

c. In year 6, heavy drinkers have the lowest risk of Alzheimer's diease.

d. Heavy drinkers have the largest cognitive decline over 6 years, compared with other alcohol users.

Question 18: By reading the Results section, which type of alcohol was found to be associated with a faster decline?

a. Beer

b. Wine

c. No alcohol use

d. Hard liquor

Question 19: How many patients in this study were from Paris? Based on your answer do you think the results are generalizable to people in Paris?

20: Given who is in study sample, and the repeated testing over-time to assess mMMSE score, what potential internal threat to validity should the researchers consider?

a. History

b. Testing

c. Compensatory Rivalry

d. Instrumental Changes

Question 21

Extra credit: Suggest one other potential threat to internal validity in this study and explain your reasoning (2 points).