a)Mary writes the following letter to an investment columnist: "I invested quite a bit of money (R26000) in Intel stock. Of course, like most technological stocks, it has been struggling, and on paper I am in trouble. Do you think it will ever reach the R80 that I paid for it? I really hate to cash it in for such a big loss and I don't trust it enough to buy it at the low price (R8) it is now trading for. I feel like the company shows promise, but I am certainly not astute in such matters - I am a dentist".

b)Las Vegas casinos offer many games. All games favour the casino. The size and elegance of the buildings reflect how much money the casinos make - and how much gamblers lose. Still, hordes of gamblers still pack the gaming tables and slot machines for hours on end. Over time, gamblers inevitably lose money, and yet they still come back the following year. What bias might cause this cycle?

c)A gambler wins a very large pot of money playing poker. In the next hand, the gambler bets heavily on a hand that is of only average quality. What bias may have caused this bet?