An approach used to value intangible victim costs of crime is: to identify nature and extent of physical and psychological outcomes of offences and use an approach from health economics in which different outcomes are converted into comparable, numerical values using a quality of life index (QALYs) which are then converted into monetary values. C] to identify marginal costs from health services. C] to identify analogous values used in other parts of public sector. C] to identify opportunity costs from the public sector. C] to estimate costs directly on the basis of peoples revealed or stated preferences