An article published in the New England Journal of Medicine uses the results from a large US based national longitudinal cohort study to examine the association between mortality and coffee consumption.

The following show a portion of sex specific results estimating the unadjusted (except for age: for purposes of interpretation you may consider the age adjusted associations to be unadjusted comparisons, since in non-randomized studies where mortality/morbidity is an outcome, these essentially serve as the unadjusted results) association between mortality and coffee consumption (6 categories, with "no coffee" as the reference) . Also presented are corresponding adjusted comparisons, adjusted for a long list of other subject characteristics.

Table 2. Association of Daily Coffee Consumption with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality among 229,119 Men.* All No Coffee