An Educational technology company is developing an intelligent tutoring system for mathematics to assist students in improving their problem solving skills and understanding of mathematical concepts. The ITS will utilize AI techniques such as knowledge presentation. Forward chaining, backward chaining, and fuzzy logic to provide personalized learning experience to students.

The ITS will represent various elements of mathematical knowledge using notation and procedural representations. Student profiles will be created to track learning preferences and areas of difficulty. Learning objectives will be structured hierarchically tp guide the students progressions.

Applications of AI techniques

$1.$ Forward chaining: The ITS will Recommend learning activities based on the students current knowledge and leaning objectives, ensuring a gradual progression in difficulty.

$2.$ Backward Chaining: When Students requests help for specification problems, the ITS will identify the necessary steps to reach the solution, providing targeted assistance.

$3.$ Fuzzy logi: Fuzzy logic will be used to assess students understanding. Providing nuanced feedback based on their performance and progress.

Scenario

For example, if a student struggles with geometry problems involving angles, the ITS will employ backward chaining to identify relevant geometric principles and provide targeted explanations. Additionally, Fuzzy logic will assess the students understanding considering factors such as the number of correct responses and response time to provide personalized feedback.

Read the case study above and answer the following questions:

$2\mathrm{.}2.$ Discuss the applications of forward and backward chaining in real$-$world AI systems. Provide one example for each type of chaining.