Anne-Marie and Yancy calculate their current living expenditures to be $55,000 a year. During retirement they plan to take one cruise a year that will cost $5,000 in todays dollars. Anne-Marie estimated that their average tax rate in retirement would be 12 percent. Yancy estimated their Social Security income to be about $20,000 and their retirement benefits are approximately $32,000. Use this information to answer the following questions:

a. How much income, in today's dollars, will Anne-Marie and Yancy need in retirement assuming 85 percent replacement and an additional $5,000 for the cruise? b. How much is the tax adjusted income, in today's dollars? c. Calculate their projected annual income shortfall in today's dollars. d. Determine, in dollars, the future value of the annual income shortfall 30 years from now, assuming an inflation rate of 5 percent. e. (Step 1) Assuming an 8 percent nominal rate of return and 25 years in retirement, calculate their necessary total to reach their retirement goals. e. (Step 2) Determine the annual payment needed to cover the shortfall at retirement from Step 1