Answer all questions. and number the answers so I know what question it goes to.

1. Paraphrase in on wrds, no plgerism

2. What is the industry discussed?

3. How many firms participate in the industry (many, a few, one)?

4. Specify the market & company(ies) and explain your answer.

5. Is(Are) there (one, few, several, many) firm(s) in the industry, what is the market structure of this industry?

Regional MattersFebruary 25, 2022Supply and Demand: When Will We See Balance?By Jason Kosakow and Sonya Ravindranath Waddell

Fifth District firms continue to struggle to fully meet customer demand for their goods and services. Anecdotally, firms have reported a shortage of raw materials and commodities, increased lead time from suppliers, difficulty finding the transportation for inputs or merchandise, and an absence of available workers. A new measure of global supply chain pressure from the New York Fed shows stress across global supply chains, and nationally, job postings remain at record highs, corroborating anecdotal evidence. These pressures have pushed up prices and contributed to some of the highest inflation measures the United States has seen in decades. Surveys of firms in the Fifth District indicate, once again, that firms do not expect these pressures to go away immediately. For many firms, the uncertainty of the situation makes it impossible to predict when they will be able to fully meet demand for their goods and services.

Firms Struggle to Meet Customer Demand

In our February survey of business conditions that was fielded from January 27 through February 16, firms reported that prior to the pandemic, they were largely able to fill demand for their products and services. Almost all firms reported filling more than 75 percent of demand prior to the pandemic and nearly two-thirds of firms were able to fully meet demand. Currently, however, only 32 percent of firms report fully meeting demand, and that percentage only increases to about 40 percent well below pre-pandemic when firms are asked about their outlook for the next six months.

What percentage of demand for your goods or services could you, can you, or will you be able to meet?Bar chart with 5 data series.Percent of FirmsNote: Based on results from 215 -216 firms. Rebased to exclude "Not sure"View as data table, What percentage of demand for your goods or services could you, can you, or will you be able to meet?The chart has 1 X axis displaying categories.The chart has 1 Y axis displaying values. Data ranges from 0 to 99.Less than 25%25% to 49%50% to 74%75% to 99%100%Before COVID-19CurrentlyIn the Next 6 Months0%25%50%75%100%Source: Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond

What percentage of demand for your goods or services could you, can you, or will you be able to meet?Percent of FirmsNote: Based on results from 215 -216 firms. Rebased to exclude "Not sure"End of interactive chart.

In addition, the share of firms able to meet 100 percent of customer demand declined from September 2021 when we asked a similar set of questions. In September, 38 percent of firms reported meeting 100 percent of demand (compared to 32 percent in February 2022). Meanwhile, a larger share of firms in February (63 percent versus 54 percent in September) were meeting somewhere between 50 percent and 99 percent of demand. In other words, the obstacles Fifth District firms were facing with production and service provision were not removed between September 2021 and February 2022; in fact, the ability to meet demand deteriorated slightly.

Labor, Labor, Labor ... but Also Inputs

In both September 2021 and February 2022, firms reported that difficulty finding workers was the number one reason for not being able to meet demand. This is corroborated by conversations with regional businesses most of whom identify finding qualified workers as a predominant challenge and the Fifth District index for the availability of qualified workers, which has remained at historic lows for months. But perhaps the reason for firms struggling more to meet demand since September is the growing challenge of finding and paying for inputs and the availability of timely freight services. Compared to September, in February, three times more Fifth District firms reported the rising costs of inputs as a challenge to meeting demand.

Why do you expect to not be able to meet demand?Bar chart with 2 data series.Percent of FirmsNote: Based on results from 136 firms in September 2020 and 129 firms in February 2021 that don't expect to fully meet demand in the next six months. ^asked to manufacturing firms onlyView as data table, Why do you expect to not be able to meet demand?The chart has 1 X axis displaying categories.The chart has 1 Y axis displaying values. Data ranges from 0 to 71.September 2021February 2022Availability oflaborAvailability ofinputs neededfor productionAvailability ordelays infreight/shippingDemandincreasing atunmanageablerateNot enoughproductioncapacity^Rising costs forinputs neededfor productionOther020406080Source: Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond

Why do you expect to not be able to meet demand?Percent of FirmsNote: Based on results from 136 firms in September 2020 and 129 firms in February 2021 that don't expect to fully meet demand in the next six months. ^asked to manufacturing firms onlyEnd of interactive chart.

There is still a lot of uncertainty around when these challenges will abate. Although 40 percent of respondents expect to fully meet demand in the next six months, 37 percent of firms do not expect to fully meet demand until at least the end of 2023, and another 18 percent are facing too much uncertainty in their environment and operations to predict when they will be able to ramp up production to meet demand. There are very few differences in these expectations between manufacturers and service providers. Nearly 50 percent of firms don't expect to be able to meet demand by the end of 2022, an indication that labor and supply chain obstacles could last well into 2023 or beyond.

When do you expect to be able to fully meet customer demand for your goods or services?Bar chart with 6 bars.Percent of Firms Note: Based on results from 216 firmsView as data table, When do you expect to be able to fully meet customer demand for your goods or services?The chart has 1 X axis displaying categories.The chart has 1 Y axis displaying values. Data ranges from 4 to 40.Fully MeetDemand in Next 6MonthsBy end of 2022First half of 2023Second half of20232024 or laterToo uncertain toknow for sure01020304050Source: Federal Reserve Bank of RichmondWhen do you expect to be able to fully meet customer demand for your goods or services?Percent of Firms Note: Based on results from 216 firmsEnd of interactive chart.

What Are the Ways to Find Labor and Mitigate Supply Chain Disruptions?

Considering that firms most commonly cite labor availability as a challenge, it is not surprising that many firms are trying to attract workers. Two-thirds of respondent firms reported raising wages, and more than 50 percent are exploring new methods of recruitment. Many firms are also asking more of existing employees and automating to reduce the need for labor. On the supply chain side, firms most often report diversifying supply chains and moving away from "just in time" production by increasing inventory, to the extent feasible.

Have you taken any of the following actions to increase production or service provisionBar chart with 13 bars.Percentage of Firms Note: based on results from 214 firms.View as data table, Have you taken any of the following actions to increase production or service provisionThe chart has 1 X axis displaying categories.The chart has 1 Y axis displaying values. Data ranges from 7 to 64.Raised wages for hard-to-fill positionsEngaged in new methods to recruit new ...Diversified supply chainsRequired existing employees to work lon...Increased inventory (moved away from "j...Increased use of automation/technology ...Negotiated to pay more and get service f...Changed shipping logisticsSwitched to suppliers located within or cl...Relaxed hiring criteria (stopped drug scr...Reconfigured supply chains outside of N...OtherWe have not taken actions to increase pr...010203040506070Source: Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Have you taken any of the following actions to increase production or service provisionPercentage of Firms Note: based on results from 214 firms.End of interactive chart.

What Does This Mean for Supply and Demand as We Move Through the Year?

Labor shortages and supply chain disruptions (both for firms and their vendors/freight providers) are impacting the ability of businesses to meet customer demand. Nearly every firm in our February 2022 survey has taken some action to mitigate these challenges from asking existing workers to do more to raising wages to changing structure or location within their production process. Anecdotes range from hotel managers cleaning rooms to grocers installing self-checkouts to manufacturers attempting to increase inventories over the longer term. Once supply and demand even out, will businesses revert to pre-pandemic operations? We do not know the answer, but for now, firms are trying to do more with fewer people, extending lead times, and using innovative solutions to continue operations when inputs are scarce.