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Communication is the transmission of information and understanding through the use

of common symbols. The communication process consists of certain basic elements that must always be present if effective communication is to result. These elements are the communicator, the message, the medium, the receiver, and feedback. Nonverbal communication is an important source of information about a sender's or receiver's thoughts and feelings. The voice, body expressions, and proxemics are all important mechanisms of nonverbal communication.

Organizational design and the communication process are inseparable. The design of an organization must provide for communication in three distinct directions: vertical (downward and upward), horizontal, and diagonal. The grapevine is an informal communication channel that pervades organizations. In a typical organization, information that's rarely communicated through formal channels is instead passed along through a grapevine. Rumours, carried through the grapevine, are an everyday part of organizational life. Regardless of validity, they tend to flourish when they are viewed by the receiver as important, entertaining, ambiguous, or all three.

Communication effectiveness is enhanced when both the sender and receiver utilize feedback and exposure. Balanced use of both is the most effective approach. To alleviate the numerous barriers to communication in organizations, managers should follow up on their messages, regulate information flow, use feedback, develop empathy, use message repetition, encourage mutual trust, simplify their language, effectively time the delivery of their messages, and become effective listeners.

Answer all the following questions. (Each question carries 12 Marks)

Assume that you are about to ask your supervisor for a raise. Which communication medium or channel would you use? What steps would you take to decrease the amount of noise that can decrease the effectiveness of your message?

2.With the increase of diversity in the workplace, discuss the additional issues needing to be addressed that may be present in today's organizations in relation to (a) the communication process and (b) the sending and receiving of nonverbal messages.

3.Assume you are about to meet and negotiate with an individual from a low-context culture. Do you think the person will know a great deal about you before you meet with him or her? Explain.

4.To what degree do you use upward communication effectively with your supervisor or professors at school? Give a specific example of when you used this type of communication and describe the outcome of the interaction. In your opinion, which barrier to communication is the most frustrating? What can you do to deal with it in an effective manner?

5.While communicating information vertically up or down the organization does not present a major problem, why is horizontal and diagonal communication more difficult to attain? How would your recommendations improve communication in your organization?