Answer and discuss the following questions in complete sentences. A good strategy would be to write a short paragraph for each question.

How can there be uninsured people in Table $1\mathrm{.}1$ in $2009?$ Would there be a similar group in $2023?$ Reference specific insurance programs.

Were insured people observed as healthier, less healthy, or the same as uninsured people in $2009$ in Table $1\mathrm{.}1?$ Were insured people better off socioeconomically, less well off, or the same as uninsured people? Are these two observations consistent or inconsistent with each other?

What is a randomized controlled trial $($RCT$),$ like the RAND Health Insurance Experiment? Why are average differences across treatment arms in an RCT more plausibly showing us causal effects of the treatment? Generally speaking, what is the treatment in the RAND HIE?

If we believe the RAND HIE and Table $1\mathrm{.}4$ more than we believe the NHIS and Table $1\mathrm{.}1,$ what are the causal effects of insurance on the demand for health care? What are the causal effects of insurance on health itself? Do not descend into small details; state the general results. But cite one statistic from the table when answering each of these two sub$-$questions, two statistics in total.

Physicians and other staff often cite their personal dedication to keeping all people healthy as a motivating reason to have entered medicine in the first place. Is this consistent or inconsistent with the results of the RAND HIE regarding the generosity of health insurance and health outcomes? Discuss.