Answer Chapter Outline

CHAPTER 7

Momentum and Impulse

Chapter Overview

In this chapter, we explore momentum and impulse and examine the use of these concepts in analyzing events such as a collision between a fullback and a defensive back. The principle of conservation of momentum is introduced and its limits explained.

Chapter Outline

1. Momentum and impulse.How can rapid changes in motion be described using the ideas of momentum and impulse? How do these ideas relate to Newton's second law of motion?
2. Conservation of momentum.What is the principle of conservation of momentum, and when is it valid? How does this principle follow from Newton's laws of motion?
3. Recoil.How can we explain the recoil of a rifle or shotgun using momentum? How is this similar to what happens in firing a rocket?
4. Elastic and inelastic collisions.How can collisions be analyzed using conservation of momentum? What is the difference between an elastic and an inelastic collision?

CHAPTER8

Rotational Motion of Solid Objects

Chapter Overview

we first consider what concepts are needed to describe rotational motion. We then turn to the causes of rotational motion, which involve a modified form of Newton's second law. Torque, rotational inertia, and angular momentum will be introduced as we proceed.

Chapter Outline

1. What is rotational motion?How can we describe rotational motion? What are rotational velocity and acceleration, and how are they related to similar concepts used to describe linear motion?
2. Torque and balance.What determines whether a simple object such as a balance beam will rotate? What is torque, and how is it involved in causing an object to rotate?
3. Rotational inertia and Newton's second law.How can Newton's second law be adapted to explain the motion of rotating objects? How do we describe rotational inertia, an object's resistance to changes in rotational motion?
4. Conservation of angular momentum.What is angular momentum, and when is it conserved? How do spinning skaters or divers change their rotational velocities?

CHAPTER 9

The Behavior of Fluids

Chapter Overview

Our first objective in this chapter is to explore the meaning of pressure. We will then investigate atmospheric pressure and how pressure varies with depth in a fluid. Those ideas will prepare us to explore the behavior of floating objects, as well as what happens when fluids are in motion. Moving fluids are described by Bernoulli's principle.

Chapter Outline

1. Pressure and Pascal's principle.What is pressure? How is it transmitted from one part of a system to another? How does a hydraulic jack or press work?
2. Atmospheric pressure and the behavior of gases.How do we measure atmospheric pressure, and why does it vary? Why can we compress gases more readily than liquids? What is Boyle's law?
3. Archimedes' principle.What is Archimedes' principle? How is it related to differences in pressure? Why does a steel boat float but a lump of steel sink?
4. Fluids in motion.What special characteristics can we observe in moving fluids? What is viscosity? How does the velocity of a moving fluid vary if we change the width of its pipe or stream?
5. Bernoulli's principle.What is Bernoulli's principle, and how is it related to conservation of energy? How can Bernoulli's principle be used?

CHAPTER 10

Temperature and Heat

Chapter Overview

The first two sections of this chapter explore the ideas of temperature, heat, and the relationship between these two distinct concepts. We then introduce the first law of thermodynamics, which helps us explain why a drill bit gets hot as it works, as well as many aspects of gas behavior.

Chapter Outline

1. Temperature and its measurement.What is temperature? How do we go about measuring it? Where should we place the zero of a temperature scale?
2. Heat and specific heat capacity.What is heat? How does it differ from temperature? Does adding heat always change the temperature of a substance? How is heat involved in changes of phase?
3. Joule's experiment and the first law of thermodynamics.Are there other ways of changing the temperature of an object besides adding heat? What does the first law of thermodynamics say and mean?
4. Gas behavior and the first law.How can the behavior of gases be explained using the first law of thermodynamics? What is an ideal gas?
5. The flow of heat.What are the different ways that heat can be transferred from one object to another? How do these ideas apply to heating or cooling a house?