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A&R Quality Advisors is a small consulting firm offering quality audits and advising services to small and mid-sized manufacturing firms. Quality audits entail reviewing, checking, and documenting quality practices within a firm. Quality advising entails making recommendations for new or revised quality practices. Other firms in the area offer one or both of these services, although the competition for quality audit jobs is stronger than for quality advising. In addition to senior executives, A&R employees are either staff or managers. Staff employees are usually younger with less experience. Managers, who oversee the staff on jobs, are more experienced. The average hourly wage is $60 for staff and $150 for managers. (Both staff and managers are paid an annual salary: these hourly costs are based on 2,000 average annual hours worked.) Staff are expected to spend at least 90 percent of their time on billable work. Because of administrative work associated with supervising the staff di the expectation that managers will spend a portion of their time sceking new business, managers are expected to spend about 50 percent of their time on billable work. A&R employs ten staff and two managers. In addition to staff and manager costs, A&R has overhead and administrative costs of $4,500,000, of which about $1,500,000 is variable with respect to billable hours. Overhead and administrative costs include the non-billable cost of the staff and managers. Selected information on billable hours expected for the next year follow, 1 2 B Billable Audit Hours Staff Manager Billable Advising Hours Staff Manager Total Bitable Hours Stall Manager A 1 2 3 Client 01 4 Client 02 5 Client 03 6 7 Client 49 8 Clent 50 9 Total 10 B Billable Audit Hours Staff Manager 150 12 70 10 220 30 D Billable Advising Hours Staff Manager 200 10 0 80 15 Total Billable Hours Staff Manager 350 22 70 300 45 40 300 8.500 2 20 1.200 0 200 9,500 15 800 40 500 18.000 2 35 2.000 Although not all clients use A&R for both services, about 70 percent do A&R bills audit services based on billable hours and advising services at a fixed fee. The cost for audit services is determined by multiplying the billable hours by the quoted employee rates. Staff rates for the following year are $200 per hour, and manager rates are $500 per hour. The rates are set to meet the competition in the area. To determine the cost (not the price) or the job, A&R uses a job costing system. To the employee costs (not the billing tates) is added an amount for overhead based on the predetermined rate and the billable hours in the job. The predetermined rate is based on expected billable hours. Total revenue at A&R next year is expected to be 58 million Total revenue at A&R next year is expected to be $8 million The two founding partners of A&R are looking at these forecasts for next year and trying to decide whether to drop one of these services. "We should probably become more focused, as we sometimes remind our clients. e. Based on the job costing system, what will the reported cost of audit services be next year? Page 304 1. Based on the job costing system, what will be the cost of advisory services? What is the expected profit of audit services next year? h. What is the expected profit of advisory services next year? Write a memo for A&R senior executives outlining some issues they should consider when making a decision about the two product lines A&R Quality Advisors is a small consulting firm offering quality audits and advising services to small and mid-sized manufacturing firms. Quality audits entail reviewing, checking, and documenting quality practices within a firm. Quality advising entails making recommendations for new or revised quality practices. Other firms in the area offer one or both of these services, although the competition for quality audit jobs is stronger than for quality advising. In addition to senior executives, A&R employees are either staff or managers. Staff employees are usually younger with less experience. Managers, who oversee the staff on jobs, are more experienced. The average hourly wage is $60 for staff and $150 for managers. (Both staff and managers are paid an annual salary: these hourly costs are based on 2,000 average annual hours worked.) Staff are expected to spend at least 90 percent of their time on billable work. Because of administrative work associated with supervising the staff di the expectation that managers will spend a portion of their time sceking new business, managers are expected to spend about 50 percent of their time on billable work. A&R employs ten staff and two managers. In addition to staff and manager costs, A&R has overhead and administrative costs of $4,500,000, of which about $1,500,000 is variable with respect to billable hours. Overhead and administrative costs include the non-billable cost of the staff and managers. Selected information on billable hours expected for the next year follow, 1 2 B Billable Audit Hours Staff Manager Billable Advising Hours Staff Manager Total Bitable Hours Stall Manager A 1 2 3 Client 01 4 Client 02 5 Client 03 6 7 Client 49 8 Clent 50 9 Total 10 B Billable Audit Hours Staff Manager 150 12 70 10 220 30 D Billable Advising Hours Staff Manager 200 10 0 80 15 Total Billable Hours Staff Manager 350 22 70 300 45 40 300 8.500 2 20 1.200 0 200 9,500 15 800 40 500 18.000 2 35 2.000 Although not all clients use A&R for both services, about 70 percent do A&R bills audit services based on billable hours and advising services at a fixed fee. The cost for audit services is determined by multiplying the billable hours by the quoted employee rates. Staff rates for the following year are $200 per hour, and manager rates are $500 per hour. The rates are set to meet the competition in the area. To determine the cost (not the price) or the job, A&R uses a job costing system. To the employee costs (not the billing tates) is added an amount for overhead based on the predetermined rate and the billable hours in the job. The predetermined rate is based on expected billable hours. Total revenue at A&R next year is expected to be 58 million Total revenue at A&R next year is expected to be $8 million The two founding partners of A&R are looking at these forecasts for next year and trying to decide whether to drop one of these services. "We should probably become more focused, as we sometimes remind our clients. e. Based on the job costing system, what will the reported cost of audit services be next year? Page 304 1. Based on the job costing system, what will be the cost of advisory services? What is the expected profit of audit services next year? h. What is the expected profit of advisory services next year? Write a memo for A&R senior executives outlining some issues they should consider when making a decision about the two product lines