Answer prompts completely for full credit. In exercises 1.47 to 1.51, state whether or not the sampling method described produces a random sample from the given population. 1.47 The population is the approximately 25,000 protein-coding genes in human DNA. Each gene is assigned a number (from 1 to 25,000), and computer software is used to randomly select 100 of these numbers yielding a sample of 100 genes. 1.49 The population is adults between the ages of 18 and 22. A sample of 100 students is collected from a local university, and each student at the university had an equal chance of being selected for the sample. Hint: Sampling bias has been committed. Why? 1.51 The population is all people who visit the website CNN.com. All visitors to the website are invited to take part in the daily online poll. 1.59 Canadians Stream Music In a random sample of 3500 Canadian consumers, about 71% report that they regularly stream music. a. Is the sample likely to be representative of all Canadian consumers? Why or why not? b. Is it reasonable to generalize this result and estimate that about 71% of all Canadian consumers regularly stream music? 1.61 Do You Use a Food Delivery App? A 2019 study conducted by eMarketer asked 800 US smartphone users whether they had used a food delivery app at least once in the last month. The survey also asked which food delivery app, if any, was used. The survey showed that 16.3% of respondents had used a food delivery app in the last month. Of those that had used one, 27.6% used Door Dash, 26.7% used Grub Hub, 25.2% used Uber Eats, while the rest used another. a. What is the sample? What is the intended population? b. Who or what are the cases? What are the variables? Classify variables as quantitative or categorical. 1.63 How Easily are You Influenced? Mentally simulate ten tosses of a coin by writing down a sequence of Heads and Tails that might result from ten flips of a fair coin. (Try this now!) When a random sample of people were asked to do this, over 80% of them wrote down Heads as the first flip. Expanding on this result, when the instructions asked for a sequence of "Tails and Heads," participants were more likely to put Tails as the first flip. Indeed, when they were told that an imaginary coin was purple on one side and orange on the other (with the two colors presented in random order), participants were more likely to start with whichever color was mentioned first. Researchers could influence the results just based on the order in which they listed the options. a. Is this an illustration of sampling bias or wording bias or both or neither? Offer a bit of explanation with your responses. b. If you are letting a friend choose between Option Q and Option W, and you are really hoping that they pick Option W, in what order should you present the options? 1.65 How Many People Wash Their Hands after Using the Washroom? In Example 1.10 on page 18, we introduce a study by researchers from Harris Interactive who were interested in determining what percent of people wash their hands after using the washroom. They collected data by standing in public restrooms and pretending to comb their hair or put on make-up as they observed patrons' behavior.39 Public restrooms were observed at Turner's Field in Atlanta, Penn Station and Grand Central Station in New York, the Museum of Science and Industry and the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago, and the Ferry Terminal Farmers Market in San Francisco. Of the over 6000 people whose behavior was observed, 85% washed their hands. Women were more likely to wash their hands: 93% of women washed, while only 77% of men did. The Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago had the highest hand-washing rate, while men at Turner's Field in Atlanta had the lowest. b. In a separate telephone survey of more than 1000 adults, more than 96% said they always wash their hands after using a public restroom. Why do you think there is such a discrepancy in the percent from the telephone survey compared to the percent observed? 1.69 Do Cat Videos Improve Mood? As part of an "internet cat videos/photos" study, Dr. Jessica Gall Myrick posted an on-line survey to Facebook and Twitter asking a series of questions regarding how individuals felt before and after the last time they watched a cat video on the Internet. One of the goals of the study was to determine how watching cat videos affects an individual's energy and emotional state. People were asked to share the link, and everyone who clicked the link and completed the survey was included in the sample. More than 6000 individuals completed the survey, and the study found that after watching a cat video people generally reported more energy, fewer negative emotions, and more positive emotions. a. Would this be considered a simple random sample from a target population? Why or why not?