answer question 2 i will attach question 1 in the following pics, as the info to solve question 2.)
Based upon your calculations in question (1), evaluate the financial case for production of ethanol from corn, as follows: a. Determine total revenues, if ethanol is priced at US\$ $.69 per liter (2022 average price), and DDGS are priced at 95% of the price of corn on a dry weight basis, i.e., dry kg of DDGS per dry kg of corn. Normalize total revenues on a per liter of ethanol basis. Take into account the corn prices listed in 2(b) b. Determine the cost of corn per liter of ethanol, considering corn prices of US\$4.00, $5.00,$6.00, and $7.00 per bushel (wet basis). Note that a bushel is a unit of volume, not mass. c. Estimate the cost for thermal energy per liter of ethanol, using the utility data in the slide deck, and the price for natural gas, multiplied by 1.5 for distribution and profit (cite date you obtained price data; CNN's business [markets] page is a good source). d. If the aggregate cost of the remaining components (salaries, chemicals, water, interest, depreciation, etc.), is 8 cents/L, estimate the overall profit or loss for production of ethanol from corn, under the range of corn prices considered in 2 (b) (illustrate graphically or using a table). Look up the current price for corn (e.g., on CME, Y-Charts, USDA, CNN Business page), and comment on the likelihood that a corn ethanol plant would be profitable under the current conditions. e. In the U.S., under the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA), corn ethanol is eligible for a D6 RIN, which provides additional revenue to producers. The average value of a D6 RIN in 2022 was US\$1.40, equivalent to US\$\$.37/L. Including these revenues, (re-)calculate the profit/loss for a corn ethanol plant based upon the current price of corn. 1. Using the data below and from the literature and other valid/supportable sources, determine the following, for a plant that produces 150 million liters per year of denatured ethanol: a. How many tonnes of corn is required, if corn contains 70% starch (dry basis)? b. How many tonnes of DDGS is produced (dry basis)? c. Compare results from (a) and (b) with process yield data in the "starch ethanol" slides. d. How much land is required for the corn, in Ha, if the corn crop yield is 160 bushels (wet) per acre e. How much land would be required grow enough corn to displace 10 vol\% of the current annual U.S. gasoline consumption? (Check the ElA website for fuel consumption data) f. Cattle in a feedlot consume about 125 bushels (wet) of feed corn annually. Alternatively, these animals may be fed about 85 bushels of feed corn and 1 ton of Dried Distiller's Grains with Solubles (DDGS5). i. How much land is required to grow enough feed corn to feed 50,000 head of cattle? ii. How much corn (and land) is required to feed 50,000 head of cattle a mixture of corn and DDGS? iii. Based on (i), (ii), and 1(c), what is the net land impact of ethanol production (e.g., in acres per million US gallons, or in Ha/L) ? This takes into account land "saved" when DDGS replaces corn in animal feed. a. First, we need to determine how much ethanol is produced from 150 million liters per year. Since denatured ethanol contains 98% ethanol, the amount of pure ethanol produced is ( 150 million liters) x (98%)=147 million liters b. Next, we need to determine how much corn is required to produce this amount of ethanol. Since com is 70% starch (on a dry basis), we need to convert the starch content to a wet basis by multiplying by 10% (since corn contains 10% moisture). So, the amount of starch in corn on a wet basis is 70%x 10%=7%. We also know that hydrolysis converts 95% of the available starch into glucose. So, the amount of corn required is ( 147 million liters) / (95%7%)=23,936 metric tonnes of corn. c. The process yield data for starch ethanol states that for every 100kg of corn, about 31.5kg of ethanol is produced, which means the yield is 31.5%. This can be compared to the results of (a) and (b) d. To determine how much land is required to grow this amount of corn, we can use the corn crop yield of 160 bushels (wet) per acre. We know that 1 bushel is 56lbs (corn) (wet), so 160 bushels is equal to 16056=8,960lbs of com per acre. We also know that 1 metric tonne =2,205lbs, so we need to divide the total weight of com by 2,205 to find the number of metric tonnes per acre. Therefore, the number of hectares required to grow this amount of corn is 23,936 metric tonnes / 8,960lbs per acre x (1 acre /0.4Ha)=9,848Ha Exolanation Refer the above steps for solution e. To determine how much land is required to grow enough corn to displace 10 vol\% of the current annual U.S. gasoline consumption, we first need to determine how many liters of gasoline are consumed in the U.S. annually. According to the ElA website, the U.S. consumed about 140 billion gallons of gasoline in 2020 . This is equal to 140 billion gallons 3.78L/ gallon =526.2 billion liters. 10 vol\% of this is equal to 52.62 billion liters. We know that 1 liter of ethanol contains 0.789 liters of gasoline, so we need to divide the number of liters of gasoline we need to displace by 0.789 to find the number of liters of ethanol required. Therefore, we need to produce 66.8 billion liters of ethanol to displace 10 vol\% of the current annual U.S. gasoline consumption. To determine how much land is required, we can use the same calculation as in (d) above, with the new amount of ethanol. fi To determine how much land is required to grow enough feed corn to feed 50,000 head of cattle, we know that cattle in a feedlot consume about 125 bushels (wet) of feed corn annually. We can multiply this by 50,000 to find the total amount of com required. That would be 125 bushels x 50,000=6,250,000 bushels. We can then use the land calculation as in (d) f. To determine how much corn (and land) is required to feed 50,000 head of cattle a mixture of corn and DDGS, we know that these animals may be fed about 85 bushels of feed corn and 1 ton of Dried Distiller's Explanation Refer the above steps for solution See the above steps in that only final answer will be there Based upon your calculations in question (1), evaluate the financial case for production of ethanol from corn, as follows: a. Determine total revenues, if ethanol is priced at US\$ $.69 per liter (2022 average price), and DDGS are priced at 95% of the price of corn on a dry weight basis, i.e., dry kg of DDGS per dry kg of corn. Normalize total revenues on a per liter of ethanol basis. Take into account the corn prices listed in 2(b) b. Determine the cost of corn per liter of ethanol, considering corn prices of US\$4.00, $5.00,$6.00, and $7.00 per bushel (wet basis). Note that a bushel is a unit of volume, not mass. c. Estimate the cost for thermal energy per liter of ethanol, using the utility data in the slide deck, and the price for natural gas, multiplied by 1.5 for distribution and profit (cite date you obtained price data; CNN's business [markets] page is a good source). d. If the aggregate cost of the remaining components (salaries, chemicals, water, interest, depreciation, etc.), is 8 cents/L, estimate the overall profit or loss for production of ethanol from corn, under the range of corn prices considered in 2 (b) (illustrate graphically or using a table). Look up the current price for corn (e.g., on CME, Y-Charts, USDA, CNN Business page), and comment on the likelihood that a corn ethanol plant would be profitable under the current conditions. e. In the U.S., under the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA), corn ethanol is eligible for a D6 RIN, which provides additional revenue to producers. The average value of a D6 RIN in 2022 was US\$1.40, equivalent to US\$\$.37/L. Including these revenues, (re-)calculate the profit/loss for a corn ethanol plant based upon the current price of corn. 1. Using the data below and from the literature and other valid/supportable sources, determine the following, for a plant that produces 150 million liters per year of denatured ethanol: a. How many tonnes of corn is required, if corn contains 70% starch (dry basis)? b. How many tonnes of DDGS is produced (dry basis)? c. Compare results from (a) and (b) with process yield data in the "starch ethanol" slides. d. How much land is required for the corn, in Ha, if the corn crop yield is 160 bushels (wet) per acre e. How much land would be required grow enough corn to displace 10 vol\% of the current annual U.S. gasoline consumption? (Check the ElA website for fuel consumption data) f. Cattle in a feedlot consume about 125 bushels (wet) of feed corn annually. Alternatively, these animals may be fed about 85 bushels of feed corn and 1 ton of Dried Distiller's Grains with Solubles (DDGS5). i. How much land is required to grow enough feed corn to feed 50,000 head of cattle? ii. How much corn (and land) is required to feed 50,000 head of cattle a mixture of corn and DDGS? iii. Based on (i), (ii), and 1(c), what is the net land impact of ethanol production (e.g., in acres per million US gallons, or in Ha/L) ? This takes into account land "saved" when DDGS replaces corn in animal feed. a. First, we need to determine how much ethanol is produced from 150 million liters per year. Since denatured ethanol contains 98% ethanol, the amount of pure ethanol produced is ( 150 million liters) x (98%)=147 million liters b. Next, we need to determine how much corn is required to produce this amount of ethanol. Since com is 70% starch (on a dry basis), we need to convert the starch content to a wet basis by multiplying by 10% (since corn contains 10% moisture). So, the amount of starch in corn on a wet basis is 70%x 10%=7%. We also know that hydrolysis converts 95% of the available starch into glucose. So, the amount of corn required is ( 147 million liters) / (95%7%)=23,936 metric tonnes of corn. c. The process yield data for starch ethanol states that for every 100kg of corn, about 31.5kg of ethanol is produced, which means the yield is 31.5%. This can be compared to the results of (a) and (b) d. To determine how much land is required to grow this amount of corn, we can use the corn crop yield of 160 bushels (wet) per acre. We know that 1 bushel is 56lbs (corn) (wet), so 160 bushels is equal to 16056=8,960lbs of com per acre. We also know that 1 metric tonne =2,205lbs, so we need to divide the total weight of com by 2,205 to find the number of metric tonnes per acre. Therefore, the number of hectares required to grow this amount of corn is 23,936 metric tonnes / 8,960lbs per acre x (1 acre /0.4Ha)=9,848Ha Exolanation Refer the above steps for solution e. To determine how much land is required to grow enough corn to displace 10 vol\% of the current annual U.S. gasoline consumption, we first need to determine how many liters of gasoline are consumed in the U.S. annually. According to the ElA website, the U.S. consumed about 140 billion gallons of gasoline in 2020 . This is equal to 140 billion gallons 3.78L/ gallon =526.2 billion liters. 10 vol\% of this is equal to 52.62 billion liters. We know that 1 liter of ethanol contains 0.789 liters of gasoline, so we need to divide the number of liters of gasoline we need to displace by 0.789 to find the number of liters of ethanol required. Therefore, we need to produce 66.8 billion liters of ethanol to displace 10 vol\% of the current annual U.S. gasoline consumption. To determine how much land is required, we can use the same calculation as in (d) above, with the new amount of ethanol. fi To determine how much land is required to grow enough feed corn to feed 50,000 head of cattle, we know that cattle in a feedlot consume about 125 bushels (wet) of feed corn annually. We can multiply this by 50,000 to find the total amount of com required. That would be 125 bushels x 50,000=6,250,000 bushels. We can then use the land calculation as in (d) f. To determine how much corn (and land) is required to feed 50,000 head of cattle a mixture of corn and DDGS, we know that these animals may be fed about 85 bushels of feed corn and 1 ton of Dried Distiller's Explanation Refer the above steps for solution See the above steps in that only final answer will be there
