Answer questions below using the formulas and other given information

Use the Periodic Table to complete the table below: ATOM ATOMIC MASS P N NUMBER NUMBER #protons #11eutrons#electr0ns 7 14 15 31 - 197 The diameter of an electron cloud is 10'8 cm; the diameter of a nucleus is 10'13 cm. Using the following equation for the volume of a sphere, calculate the volume of the atom and its nucleus: V = 0.52 d3 (d = diameter) What percentage (by volume) of the atom does the nucleus occupy? Where is the mass of the atom located? How would you describe most of the space in an atom? Prior to 1910, scientists believed that the atom resembled a \"plum pudding,\" with negatively charged electrons embedded in a mass where the positive charge was thinly spread out over the entire atom (almost like raisins in a cookie). In an experiment performed by Rutherford in 1910, a sample of gold foil was bombarded with alpha particles (positively charged particles resembling a helium nucleus). If the \"oatmeal cookie\" model were right, then the alpha particles should all zip through the thin foil, with almost no deections, since the positive charges were dispersed throughout each atom in the foil. The results showed that most of the alpha particles passed through the foil with their paths unchanged; however, there were m signicant deections noted in the paths of some particles. Does this make sense considering what you've determined about atomic structure? Why or why not? The Bohr Atom: Use the equations and the data in the table below to answer the following questions: 1. Find the energies of radiations emitted from the atoms of (a) Iodine and (b) Lead when there is a vacancy in the K shell of these atoms. 2. Determine the minimum energy needed to create a vacancy in (a) the K shells of P and Fe atoms, and (b) the L shells of I and Pb atoms. 3. If a vacancy is created by the absorption of a 20 Kev x- ray in the K shell of an atom of P, Fe or Ag, and it is lled by the emission of an Auger electron from L shell, what is the energy of the Auger electron emitted by each atom in such a transition? Characteristic X-rays and Auger Electrons \"Characteristic X-rays are emitted when outer-shell electrons ll a vacancy in the inner shell of an atom, releasing X-rays in a pattern that is "characteristic" to each element.\" (Just as the energy associated with each electron shell of an atom is unique to that atom.) The energy of the characteristic x ray is calculated as the difference between the binding energies of the AE=EX=EK-EL An alternative to characteristic X-ray production is Auger election emission. When an inner shell vacancy is created, an outer shell electron drops in to ll the vacancy. The energy difference between the 2 shells (\"excitation energy\") is transferred to an outer electron shell, resulting in the release of a second electron (the Auger electron) from the atom. The energy of the Auger electron is calculated as: Mass-Energyluivalence AE = E1 - E2 E3 (E=mc;)_ W ere 3:energy Mass caiikbeeucbfilsliaeied \"concentrated energy.\" If you were to perform the calculations, you would nd that a 20 g marble is equivalent to a 500 kiloton hydrogen bomb! The difculty lies in having the ability to convert the mass to energy. In order to release this energy, a matter-antimatter \"annihilation\" event needs to occur. Unfortunately, there is not enough anti-matter to make this occur on a routine basis. If one electron were to interact with its anti-matter \"partner\" (actually, a positron), the mass of the positron and electron could be converted to energy using the E =mcz equation. (A) Using the mass of an electron (9.11 x 10'31 kg), and c = 3x108 m/sec (and considering there are an electron AND a positron), calculate the number of joules (J) of energy this would represent. (B) If 1J = 6.24 x 1018 eV, and 10 eV = 1 MeV, calculate the amount of energy (in MeV) produced by the annihilation event associated with the positron-electron interaction. If this is the amount of energy produced by ONE electron and ONE positron, imagine what you could do with that 20 gram marble! hydrogen He 40026 10 1.0079 beryllium B C N O Ne Li Be 10 811 12 011 18 928 17 6.941 14 15 18 13 11 12 Si D S CI Ar Na Mg 30.974 32 065 35453 39 919 24.305 scandium 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 33 34 35 19 21 22 23 V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu | Zn Ga Ge AS Se Br Kr K Ca SC Ti 62.516 72 61 74.090 79 904 50912 50 51 52 53 54 42 43 45 46 48 49 38 39 40 V Nb Mo TC Rh Pd Zr Ru Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe Rb Sr 112.41 114.82 1 18 21 121.76 12090 131.20 102401 77 82 83 85 86 79 81 84 74 55 57-70 71 72 73 Pt Pb Bi Po At Rn Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Au Hg 208 98 132.91 137.33 1743 190 23 109 110 111 9-102 103 104 106 108 Juq Er Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub 1271 12721 12721 gadoinur Lanthanide series Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu 167:26 17304 138.91 144.24 157.25 100 101 102" * * Actinide series 91 92 Np Pu Am Cm Fm No Ac Pa BK Es Md 5