Answer the following attachements

The social cost of carbon (SCC) is an estimate of the dollar cost to society of emitting each additional tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent. Assume for now that the SCC is constant at $50 per tonne, and that the marginal abatement cost curve for carbon emissions in Canada is given by

MAC(e) = 200 ? 2e where e is carbon emissions measured in millions of tonnes.

(a) Find the unregulated quantity of carbon emissions. Hint: In the absence of regulation, the price of polluting is zero.

(b) Find the optimal Pigouvian carbon tax and associated socially optimal quantity of carbon emissions.

(c) Calculate the deadweight loss in the unregulated scenario.

(d) Assume the government implements a cap-and-trade program that limits total emissions at 80 percent of the unregulated quantity. Does this policy achieve the optimal quantity of carbon emissions? If not, calculate the deadweight loss associated with this policy (relative to the socially optimal outcome).

1. The diagram below shows a firm operating under conditions of perfect competition in the short run. Price (a) What is represented by the lines numbered 1 to 3? Use the answer box provided. Number Name 2 3 Quantity (b) (i) Show clearly on the diagram the total supernormal profit of the firm. (ii) Explain the term supernormal profit (16 marks) 2. Define the Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns and illustrate this with a suitable example. Definition Example (16 marks) 3. Outline two ways the Irish government could improve the mobility of labour in order to reduce unemployment. (i) (ii) (16 marks) Page 2 of 12 SECTION A (continued) 4. Firms within the aircraft industry can benefit from economies of scale. Explain the term economies of scale and provide one example for a firm in the aircraft industry. Explanation Example (16 marks) 5. (a) Outline two possible effects on the Irish economy of high levels of youth unemployment.6. The table below shows the annual average level of income in a country and the corresponding demand for Product A for two years. Year Income (E) Product A (units) Year 57,000 0 Year 2 63,000 200 (i) Calculate the income elasticity of demand (YED) for Product A. Show your workings. Workings: (ii) Using your knowledge of YED, explain the economic meaning of this figure you calculated in (i) above. Answer: (17 marks) Page 3 of 12 SECTION A (continued) 7. The primary aim of the ECBs monetary policy is to maintain price stability. (a) Define the term monetary policy. (b) Outline two benefits of price stability for the Irish economy. (i) (ii) (17 marks) 8. (a) Outline two possible economic effects of the Irish government introducing a levy on home insurance premiums to help address damage caused by the recent flooding crisis in Ireland. (i) (ii) b) Suggest one alternative method for addressing the flooding crisis in Ireland. (17 marks) "The national minimum wage is increased by 50 cent, bringing it to (9.15 in a bid to make work pay." (Source: Irish Independent, October 2015) Outline three possible economic impacts of this measure on the Irish economy. (1)_l. (a) (b) (1:) (i) Outline four factors that determine the supply of a good or service. (ii) Explain the difference between a movement along a supply curve and a shift in a supply curve. Use appropriate diagrams to illustrate your answer. [3 5] Read the following statements and indicate if they are TRUE or FALSE. Explain your answer in each case. (i) The cross price elasticity of demand for substitute goods has a negative value. (ii) Price Elasticity of Demand (FED) tends to be more elastic in the long-run than in the short-run. (iii) When demand for a good is price inelastic, a reduction in price will increase total sales revenue. [iv] Income elasticity of demand (YEP!) for luxury goods is positive. [24] Using the concepts of demand and supply explain, with the aid of a labelled diagram, how a shortage of tickets for a major concert may arise. The concert venue has a maximum capacity of 30,000 people. [16] I?! marks] (Sodomy, Mom and Nestle? dominate the chocolate industry in the European Union. (8} (b) (b) (C) (b) (i) State a market structure which most closely reects the situation above, giving a reason for your answer. (ii) Outline two other key characteristics of this market structure. (iii) Explain, with the aid of a labelled diagram. the likely shape of the demand curve in this market structure. [35] (i) If a large US chocolate manufacturer entered the EU chocolate market, outline the possible economic impacts of greater competition in this market. (ii) Outline two factors which could make it difcult for this US chocolate manufacturer to enter the EU chocolate market. [25] Explain why small rms succeed in some markets while other markets are dominated by large firms. [1 5] I?! marks] Page 5 of 1!. Explain the following terms in relation to the factor of production labour. (i) Participation rate (ii) Real wages (iii) Labour Productivity [iv] Derived demand [2.0] (i) Discuss the factors that impact on the supply of labour. (ii) Outline two challenges currently facing the Irish labour market and state one appropriate government policy response for each challenge identied. [35] Discuss reasons why different workers are paid different wage rates. [2.0] [15 marks] (i) Distinguish between the short-run and the long-run production periods. (ii) In the short-run rms may stay in the industry even ifthey are making a loss. Explain this statement. [15] (i) Explain the terms marginal revenue and marginal cost. v-r-a.-uuu u .I -.:~.- 4. (a) (i) Distinguish between the short-run and the long-run production periods. (ii) In the short-run firms may stay in the industry even if they are making a loss. Explain this statement. [15] (b) (i) Explain the terms marginal revenue and marginal cost. The table below shows costs and revenue data of a firm. Output Price (() Total Revenue (() Total Cost (() 20 20 42 20 40 60 20 60 77 20 80 97 20 100 130 Use the data in the table above to: ii) Calculate the marginal revenue and marginal cost at each output level. Show your workings. (iii) Draw one graph showing the marginal revenue and marginal cost and identify the profit-maximising level of output for this firm. Explain your answer. [30] (c) "Overall Ireland's improving competitiveness performance over the period 2011 to 2014 has been central to the recovery in employment and economic growth." (Source: The National Competitiveness Council, December 2015) (i) Outline the factors that influence the competitiveness of firms in Ireland. (ii) Discuss three policies that the Irish government could consider to improve the competitiveness of firms in Ireland. 30] [75 marks] Page 6 of 12 . (a) (i) Define the term full employment. (ii) Discuss the possible economic benefits and economic challenges of full employment in an economy. [25] (b) Use the information in the table to answer the questions below. Marginal propensity to consume (MPC) 0.8 Marginal propensity to import (MPM) 0.2 Current equilibrium level of national income E500m Level of national income that would give full employment 6620m (i) Define the term marginal propensity to save (MPS). (ii) Calculate the MPS for this economy illustrated in the table above. (iii) Calculate the value of the multiplier in this open economy. (iv) How much will the government have to inject into this economy if it wants the economy to operate at its full employment level? Show your workings. [30] (c) Explain how Ireland's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) could be affected by any two of the following. (i) An increase in Child Benefit payments. ii) A foreign-owned company, operating in Ireland, sends back to their home country all the profits they have earned in Ireland. (iii) An oil spill off the Irish coast costs the Irish Government significant clean-up costs. [20] [75 marks]6. (a) (i) Explain the term exchange rate. (ii) Outline the possible economic effects on the Irish economy of an appreciation in the value of the euro & against the US $. [25] (b) "The Balance of Payments (BOP) Current Account had a surplus of 62.7 billion in the second quarter of 2015, equivalent to 5.2% of quarterly GDP." (Source: Nevin Economic Research Institute (NERI), Autumn 2015) (i) Describe the main elements of Ireland's balance of payments (BOP) account. (ii) Explain what is meant by a surplus on the BOP current account. (iii) Can a surplus on the BOP current account pose problems for an economy? Explain your answer. [30] (c) "Irish SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises) are too dependent on the home market, Europe warns. " (Source: Irish Independent, November 2015) Outline the benefits and challenges for Irish SMEs operating in foreign markets. [20] [75 marks] Page 7 of 12 7. (a) In the case of any two of the following three pairs, distinguish between the two concepts. (i) Income and wealth (11) Progressive taxes and regressive taxes (iii) Impact of taxation and incidence of taxation. [20] (b) (i) Outline two economic policies which the Irish Government could consider to address inequality in Ireland. (ii) Policies introduced to reduce inequality may make it more difficult for the government to achieve other economic aims. Explain this statement, using examples to support your answer. [30] (c) A clean and healthy environment is a scarce and valuable resource. Outline actions the Irish government could take to protect the environment. 25] [75 marks] 8. (a) Outline, using appropriate figures, how the Irish economy has performed in the last 12 months in each of the following areas: Economic growth Price level . . Unemployment . Interest rates. [20] (b) "The government will run a budget deficit of only 1% of GDP next year, while gross debt will fall to 89% of GDP by the end of 2016." (Source: Irish Examiner, November 2015) (1) Discuss how the Irish Government has achieved reductions in the budget deficit and gross debt in recent years. (ii) Outline the possible costs to Irish society in achieving these reductions. [35] (c) Ireland's population has become increasingly urbanised. Outline the economic consequences (positive and negative) of this development for Ireland. [20] [75 marks]SECTION A (100 marks) Answer six of the nine short response type questions in the spaces provided. 1. State four steps involved in constructing a Consumer Price Index (CPI). Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 (16 marks) 2. Define a mixed economy. State two examples of economic activity which supports the view that Ireland is a mixed economy. Definition: Example 1: Example 2: (16 marks) 3. Name the market structure (Perfect Competition, Imperfect Competition or Monopoly) to which each statement below is most likely to apply: STATEMENT MARKET STRUCTURE (i) The firm has a perfectly elastic demand curve. (i) The product of the firm is unique. (iii) Restaurants could be an example of this market structure. (iv) Average costs of the firm are at a minimum. (16 marks) 4. Outline three areas of responsibility of the National Treasury Management Agency (NTMA). (i) (ii) (iii) (16 marks) 5. Define the term occupational mobility of labour. Outline two factors which can influence it. Definition: Factor 1: Factor 2: (16 marks) Page 2 of 8 6. Outline two possible economic effects for the Irish economy of the euro (() falling in value relative to the US dollar ($). (i) (ii) (17 marks) 7. State three reasons why multinational firms are re-locating to countries like Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand in Southeast Asia