Answer the following questions, requiring only a brief analysis of the selectivity of your responses. If the question is not specifically stated, then there is only one correct answer for each question. Please complet your reply as soon as possible if that is convenient and have a great day. The two images above the relevant information correspond to questions 11 and 12 respectively

Question 1

3 pts

• Which of these are useful ways to increase food security?

Group of answer choices

Increase production of food, more and better inputs, Ag Research & Development

Increase incomes for low-income people

Increase the nutritional content of foods: fortification and production diversity

Decrease the prices of foods: subsidies, producing more food

All of the above

Provide free food for people who need it: SNAP & Food Aid

Flag question: Question 2

Question 2

3 pts

• What are ways that governments could respond to climate change to maintain food security?

Group of answer choices

(2) Governments can invest in new agricultural technologies aimed at enhancing food security and in research and development for climate-resistant food crops

(1) Governments can insist farmers charge more for their products to put more resources into long-term food production strategies

(3) Governments can invest in agricultural infrastructure, diversification of crops and train local farmers on sustainable agriculture techniques

Answers (2) and (3)

None of the above

Flag question: Question 3

Question 3

3 pts

What can Engel curves tell us about how giving cash will have an effect on household food security?

Group of answer choices

If you give households more money, then the dollar amount they spend on food will decrease, because they'll buy other household goods, so they won't be any more food secure.

Engel curves say that if you give people more cash for food they'll eat more fats and proteins.

Engel curves don't measure shifts in food security, but instead measure milk production and how it drives nutrient needs of dairy cows.

Giving households cash means the percentage of income they spend on food decreases, and they will have money left over for other goods and services.

Flag question: Question 4

Question 4

3 pts

• Which of these populations benefitted the most from vitamin D fortification in milk in the US in the 1930's?

Group of answer choices

People in remote rural areas

Individuals over the age of 60 living on the West Coast

People living in Baltimore, Maryland

African American children in Northern States

Flag question: Question 5

Question 5

3 pts

• What is an externality in food production?

Group of answer choices

An unmeasured outcome that spills over from food production to other parts of the economy.

A change in price for food production.

A fixed price for a good that induces more food production.

A movement up the supply curve driven by an increase in price.

Flag question: Question 6

Question 6

3 pts

Which of these are likely examples of exclusion due to means testing in the US SNAP program

Group of answer choices

People who want to use the SNAP program to buy restaurant meals.

People who are able to gain SNAP eligibility but do not have low-income.

People who are food secure and are eligible for SNAP.

People who are unable to fill out the SNAP application forms.

Flag question: Question 7

Question 7

3 pts

The SNAP program only certifies certain foods as eligible for purchase with SNAP money. In particular, they do not include anything that might be considered a "luxury good." This helps the targeting of the program because:

Group of answer choices

Low-income people should not get luxury goods for free.

Income targeting is improved by only providing foods low-income people usually eat.

Luxury goods have lower nutritional content and therefore are best excluded from the SNAP program.

Excluding luxury goods with high income elasticities improves targeting.

Flag question: Question 8

Question 8

3 pts

What's the difference in the food security world of foodavailability and foodaccess?

Group of answer choices

Availability is when the household has available income to afford the food and access is when the household can access nutritionally diverse foods.

Availability is when the food is there to purchase and access is when the household has sufficient funds to purchase it.

Availability is when the food has sufficient nutrients bio-available and access is when the household has a choice in where they purchase from.

Availability is when the food is cheap enough to afford and access is when the household is able to find the food in the market.

Flag question: Question 9

Question 9

3 pts

How important are food aid flows compared to overall world production of food or overall world trade in food?

Group of answer choices

Food aid has always been a very small portion of overall world food production and trade.

Food aid is a large portion of overall food production and trade; and has increased in importance recently.

Food aid is a large portion of overall food production and trade, although it has decreased in importance recently.

Food aid usually represents about half of overall food production and trade.

Flag question: Question 10

Question 10

3 pts

What are some situations in which you might decide that it is better to use food aid than to purchase food locally?

Group of answer choices

Local food production has collapsed and won't restart soon.

The population has lost their production entitlement.

None of these

All of these

There is no food available on the market.

Flag question: Question 11

Question 11

3 pts

If you bring in food aid to an area with existing agricultural supply, which of these two graphs is most likely to describe what happens to price and quantity?

Group of answer choices

Either left or right, will depend on what happens to demand

The right hand graph

The left hand graph

Neither of these would be accurate to what would happen to price and quantity

Flag question: Question 12

Question 12

3 pts

A new seed is introduced that increases production at the same cost, ignoring demand effects, which of these two depictions of supply curves is likely to best describe what happens to supply in the market?

Group of answer choices

The left hand graph

The right hand graph

Neither of these would be accurate to what would happen to price and quantity

Either left or right, will depend on what happens to demand

Flag question: Question 13

Question 13

3 pts

What is the extent of leakage in the French program of subsidizing baguettes to target food insecure French households?

Group of answer choices

The program has relatively little leakage since most all French households eat baguettes.

The program will have a large amount of leakage since most all French households eat baguettes.

The program has a small amount of leakage since some bakeries will use the lower price of baguettes to sell more pastries.

The program will have a large amount of leakage since many French will not be able to access bread at their local bakeries.

Flag question: Question 14

Question 14

3 pts

What kinds of foods will meet the US or international guidelines for which foods to fortify?

Group of answer choices

Foods that are normal goods in an income elasticity sense.

Foods in which the nutrient can be absorbed by the body.

All of the above.

Foods that are consumed by a significant portion of the population.

Flag question: Question 15

Question 15

3 pts

What was the most important health outcome of vitamin D fortification in milk in the US?

Group of answer choices

22% reduction in calcium intake of poor children due to extra cost of milk

Near elimination of the disease rickets

Nutritional diversity benefits for wealthy white children in southern states

Near elimination of the disease goiter

Flag question: Question 16

Question 16

3 pts

How would a new agricultural technology, like green revolution crops, that produced more output for the same cost, affect the price of food in urban areas?

Group of answer choices

Price could go up or down depending on the income elasticity of demand

Price will go up

Price will go down

Price will stay the same

Flag question: Question 17

Question 17

3 pts

How does a subsidy for an input in agricultural production (e.g., fertilizer, seeds) affect the price of food on the market?

Group of answer choices

Have no effect on the price of food.

Increase the price of food if demand is elastic and decrease it if demand is inelastic.

Increase the price of food.

Decrease the price of food.

Flag question: Question 18

Question 18

3 pts

What is the targeting logic of the Malawi subsidy program for fertilizer and seed where village chiefs were given coupons to hand out in their villages?

Group of answer choices

All of the above.

Village chiefs are best able to allocate the fertilizer and seeds to improve the diversity of crops grown and therefore dietary diversity of their villages.

Village chiefs are more likely to know who is poor or who is a good farmer who will make best use of the fertilizer and seeds.

Village chiefs are usually the best farmers, so they are the ones who can best make use of the subsidy.

Village chiefs are not corrupt, so they are going to be honest with their allocations.

Flag question: Question 19

Question 19

3 pts

Why has there been fewer successful seed varieties adapted to African country's agricultural conditions than in other parts of the world?

Group of answer choices

None of the above.

All of the above.

Low levels of investment in agricultural research in Africa.

Fewer agricultural experiment stations.

The high micro-variability of climate and soils across the African continent.

Flag question: Question 20

Question 20

3 pts

What percentage of the local diet of the average household in rural Malawi is made up of "staples" (i.e., grains like maize)?

Group of answer choices

66%

20%

90%

50%

33%

Flag question: Question 21

Question 21

3 pts

Would a fortification program for maize (corn) be effective in rural Malawi at targeting the lack of dietary diversity?

Group of answer choices

Answers (1) and (2) but not (3)

(2) No, because rural Malawians mostly eat maize they produce themselves so there is no opportunity to fortify the good.

(1) Yes, because maize represents more than two-thirds of diet of rural Malawians.

Answers (1) and (3), but not (2)

Answers (1), (2), and (3)

(3) Yes, because maize is a luxury good for Malawians and those are the best types of food to fortify.

Flag question: Question 22

Question 22

3 pts

Would golden rice (a rice variety with enhanced vitamin A in it) be a useful tool in creating dietary diversity in Malawi?

Group of answer choices

(2) No, because rural Malawians mostly eat maize and don't eat enough rice to add enough vitamin A to the diet.

(1) Yes, because the diet of rural Malawians lacks vitamin A

Answers (2) and (3), but not (1)

Answers (1) and (2) but not (3)

(3) No, because the diet of rural Malawians already has enough vitamin A.

Flag question: Question 23

Question 23

3 pts

How does the difference between the US SNAP program and the French baguette subsidy demonstrate differences or sameness in philosophical approaches to food policy in terms of how to doo a particular intervention? (Choose the one that most accurately describes the food security philosophy behind how these programs are set up)

Group of answer choices

US SNAP and French baguette policies both demonstrate using a cost-benefit analysis to provide the most food security at the lowest cost.

US SNAP and French baguette policies both demonstrate a food as a right for all analysis.

French baguette policies demonstrate a food as a right for all analysis while US SNAP demonstrate a cost-benefit analysis.

French baguette policies demonstrate a cost-benefit analysis while US SNAP policies demonstrate a food as a right for all analysis.

Flag question: Question 24

Question 24

3 pts

A complaint about many food aid programs is that they are giving away low-quality foods to low-income people and that low-income people deserve luxury foods that they like. Is this complaint valid?

Group of answer choices

Yes, because low-income people do not deserve high quality foods.

Yes, because low-quality foods are higher in nutritive qualities and provide more dietary diversity than luxury foods.

No, low-quality foods have negative income elasticities, which means they will not compete with locally produced foods.

No, the timing of food aid programs is what is important and the quality of the food does not matter to their success.

Flag question: Question 25

Question 25

3 pts

If you shift out agricultural supply (as with a new technology) when you have an inelastic demand curve what will happen to price and quantity?

Group of answer choices

The price will increase a little and the quantity will decrease a lot.

The price will decrease a lot and the quantity will increase a little.

The price will decrease a little and the quantity will increase a lot.

The price will increase a lot and the quantity will decrease a little.

Flag question: Question 26

Question 26

3 pts

How would improving roads in rural Africa affect African food markets?

Group of answer choices

It would bring more diverse foods to urban areas, thereby increasing the costs of local foods.

It would reduce the cost of fertilizer, increase the amount of food produced and lower food prices.

It would decrease the prices received by rural farmers, inducing them to produce less food.

It would help improve African agricultural R&D, which would produce more food and raise the price.

Flag question: Question 27

Question 27

3 pts

The Malawian government wants to institute an information campaign to increase consumption of more leafy greens that are high in vitamin A. Is this likely to increase nutrient intakes in rural Malawi?

Group of answer choices

No, because leafy greens are only available during the short rainy season.

Yes, because Malawians eat leafy greens with almost every meal.

No, because Malawians never eat leafy greens.

No, because leafy greens are not high in vitamin A.

Flag question: Question 28

Question 28

3 pts

What was the main reason why Alabama was a late adopter of hybrid corn seeds compared to Iowa?

Group of answer choices

Because they already used sufficient fertilizer and did not need more productive corn seeds.

Because the technology was developed for Iowa soils and climatic zones and that did not travel well to Alabama's soils and climate.

Because there were more hog/pig operations in Iowa than in Alabama that needed the corn.

Because Alabama farmers were less innovative than Iowa farmers and took longer to understand the new technology.

Flag question: Question 29

Question 29

3 pts

What is the CGIAR system?

Group of answer choices

A set of agricultural research institutes throughout the world that do public agricultural research.

A modeling system for helping improve agricultural supply chains throughout Africa.

A group of nutrition oriented projects to increase fortification of foods.

A dietary diversity project in Malawi to address vitamin A deficiency.

Flag question: Question 30

Question 30

3 pts

What is the best role of the government/public sector in agricultural research and development?

Group of answer choices

Providing basic research and coordinating the efforts of multiple researchers.

Providing high quality customer service in providing new individual crop varieties to a wide-ranging set of farmers.

Providing a supply of new types of seeds that meet the market demand.

Providing research on the seeds with the highest market potential.

Flag question: Question 31

Question 31

3 pts

Why might the government be better at nutrition interventions than private sector companies?

Group of answer choices

They can move more quickly to address problems faster.

They are likely to provide better customer service to individuals.

They can mobilize more money and coordinate efforts better.

They are more likely to follow cost-benefit calculations and do the most profitable interventions.

Flag question: Question 32

Question 32

3 pts

Why might philanthropic groups and non-governmental organizations be better at nutrition interventions than the government?

Group of answer choices

They can move faster and target specific community problems more effectively.

They are more long-term sustainable and likely to stick with a program longer.

They can mobilize more money.

They are better able to coordinate efforts across multiple groups.

Flag question: Question 33

Question 33

3 pts

Which of these can improve dietary diversity in Malawi?

Group of answer choices

Increasing the income of Malawians.

All of the above.

None of the above.

Increasing the diversity of the food produced on Malawian farms.

Increasing demand for diverse foods by the Malawian population.

Flag question: Question 34

Question 34

1 pts

(1 point) Professor Foltz's son Kieran aspires to one day be eligible for the SNAP program because:

Group of answer choices

It allows you to buy Takis snack food, and he loves Takis.

It allows you to buy sandwiches from Subway everywhere, and he loves Subway.

It allows you to buy rotisserie chicken, and he loves rotisserie chicken.

It allows you to buy food at Culvers in the upper midwest, and he loves Culvers butterburgers.

a. Adding groundnuts/peanuts to the fertilizer & seed subsidy? This targets relatively well, as it still focuses on farmers with higher area. However, people in Malawi already consume groundnuts and peanuts in significant quantities, so it may not greatly improve dietary diversity. This approach has low targeting effectiveness and high leakage b. Building a mango drying plant in the capitol, Lilongwe? This could improve dietary diversity due to the high seasonal availability of mangoes. However, the availability of dried mangoes may not be widespread throughout the country, leading to high exclusion of certain populations. c. Encouraging small solar mango driers for all Malawian households? I This initiative could improve dietary diversity by addressing the high seasonal availability of mangoes. It should enhance diversity, but it may not fully solve the issue, as there could still be a protein deficiency in the diet. Answer to Qb and Qc should be symmetric. The issue with protein deficiency should be either in both or only one. d. An information campaign for eating more leafy greens?68. How would the following programs do at targeting dietary diversity in Malawi? Table 3 Summary of markets and value chains for priority foods in Malawi. Chain Actors involved Chain reach Level of processing Major bottlenecks Avocados and mangos Producers, market traders Local None Highly seasonal (no cold storage) Beans and peas Producers, traders (Large and small scale) Local, national Drying Low yielding varieties, high international transaction costs Chicken and Producers, market traders Local None Dried fish Fishermen, local and regional traders Local, regional Drying Groundnuts Producers, processors (conventional and niche Local, national, High, processed peanut based Aflaircin contamination markets), traders (small and large scale) international products for national market Leafy greens Producers, market traders Local None Seasonal (no irrigation nor cold storage Orange flesh sweet Producers, market traders Local None potatoes a. Adding groundnuts/peanuts to the fertilizer & seed subsidy? This targets relatively well, as it still focuses on farmers with higher area. However, people in Malawi already consume groundnuts and peanuts in significant quantities, so it may not greatly improve dietary diversity. This approach has low targeting effectiveness and high leakage b. Building a mango drying plant in the capitol, Lilongwe? This could improve dietary diversity due to the high seasonal availability of mangoes. However, the availability of dried mangoes may not be widespread throughout the country, leading to high27. A Congressman is saying that it is wrong to buy food abroad to give away in humanitarian emergencies, rather than buy it from US farmers and shipping it on US boats. How might he be right or wrong? Buying from US farmers can improve US production, as food aid creates additional demand for local food. However, this option has high delivery costs and may not always offer the cheapest prices. It always has higher delivery costs. Sourcing food aid from international markets is often the most cost-efficient option, but it does not support US farmers and may even harm them by reducing demand for their products. It would not really reduce demand for US farm products, since food aid is usually surplus US food. If the purpose is to support the local area at the lowest costs, internationally source food is always most effective. I25. Would food aid be useful in a world where people were missing their trade-entitlement? What about their production entitlement? Food aid can help when people lack trade or production entitlements, but effectiveness depends on distribution method and extent of entitlement loss. Direct transfers are more useful than market delivery if people have lost all resources or trade entitlements. Proper targeting, quality, sustainability, and addressing underlying causes are also important factors. I think the answer is simpler. Lack of a trade entitlement, means no food available to be brought in. Food aid brings in food and addresses the fact that they can't trade for food.d. An information campaign for eating more leafy greens? While an information campaign could be helpful, people in Malawi already consume leafy greens. Moreover, the problem of seasonality remains unsolved, as leafy greens may not be available year- round. Increasing demand for leafy greens, though, might help create a market for out of season leafy greens or processing of leafy greens. 31. How do differences in the demand elasticity effect how a shift in a supply curve changes price and quantity? I Higher demand elasticity means that quantity will change more than price, while for inelastic reverse. So for a given shift in a supply curve high demand elasticity will mean more quantity change and lower price change. 11. How might a particular program (Insert program description here) affect targeting for food security or poverty or nutrition security? **/ am not fully understand question** Need to describe a program, eg SNAPc. Encouraging small solar mango driers for all Malawian households? This initiative could improve dietary diversity by addressing the high seasonal availability of mangoes. It should enhance diversity, but it may not fully solve the issue, as there could still be a protein-deficiency in the diet. Answer to Qb and Qc should be symmetric. The issue with protein deficiency should be either in both or only one. d. An information campaign for eating more leafy greens? While an information campaign could be helpful, people in Malawi already consume leafy greens. Moreover, the problem of seasonality remains unsolved, as leafy greens may not be available year- round. Increasing demand for leafy greens, though, might help create a market for out of season leafy greens or processing of leafy greens. I 31. How do differences in the demand elasticity effect how a shift in a supply curve changes price and quantity?Ice provided to countries facing humanitarian crises. 28. Describe the differences between these two changes in price and quantity? Price Price Quantity Quantity Left: Price and Quantity both increased. Right: Only quantity increased. One is a movement along a supply curve as with an increase in demand. The other is a movement of a supply curve as with a subsidy to an input (fertilizer) or a new technology.58. Why was Alabama a late adopter of hybrid corn seeds? Technological/R&D Mismatch because of different climatic regions, not enough R&D investment in Alabama as opposed to the other states. 18. Why does the government do the SNAP program and not leave it to local Churches and Food Pantries? Several Reasons: Nutrition/Food Security is a public good; so government has incentive to implement the program. For private organizations, there's no guarantee that they will undertake the intervention. Government has several benefits over private entities for nutrition intervention program like SNAP: information, no coordination issues etc.18. Why does the government do the SNAP program and not leave it to local Churches and Food Pantries? Several Reasons: Nutrition/Food Security is a public good; so government has incentive to implement the program. For private organizations, there's no guarantee that they will undertake the intervention. Government has several benefits over private entities for nutrition intervention program like SNAP: information, no coordination issues etc. I7. How would differences in philosophical approaches to food policy affect how a government chose to target a particular intervention? Food as a moral dictate: target children or more vulnerable people Food as fundamental right: targets everyone based on law system, probably focus more on provision of food, food-transfer than other policies. Would ignore costs of providing food. Food as optimal economics policy: targets the optimal type of policies that are cost-effective, targeting issues taken into consideration, target based on a metrics that easy to measure - like income instead of 'food insecurity', other policies also rather than direct food transfer I19. What's the difference in the food security world of: food availability, food access, and food utilization? Food Availability: Enough production and availability in markets if people want to purchase. Food Access: Enough purchasing power; enough income + lower inflation. Prices. Food Utilization: Equity within households, nutritional diversity etc. 17. Why does the SNAP program allow Takis (snack food)? I believe it's a category problem. Snacks can include healthy foods like nuts, crackers etc. but can also include highly-processed, unhealthy foods like Takis, Cheetos etc. For SNAP to not allow these foods, it will have to formulate extremely detailed policies. Might be troublesome for grocery stores to check all eligible items. Increases transaction costs for them. This probably isn't a very good question for us to ask. A better one might be why SNAP doesn't allow restaurant meals. Answer would be about income elasticity of restaurant meals. 7. How would differences in philosophical approaches to food policy affect how a government chose to target a particular intervention