Answer the questions.

1. what measurement scale is used for age, smoking, and drinking alcohol?

2. What statistical test the author used to test the difference in the health related quality of life by drinking alcohol? 3. was the result statistically significant? (alpha is 0.05).

Table 1. Characteristics of elderly women according to Health Related quality of Life (HRQoL) (n = 4260).

Variables Categories Low (n= 2355) High (n= 1905) p-value

n(%) n (%)

Age

65-69 307 (13.9) 594 (33.1)

70-79 1151 (50.9) 968 (50.8) <0.001

80 and more 897 (35.2) 343 (16.1)

Residence

City 878 (68.7) 858 (76.7)

Town 1477 (31.3) 1047 (23.3) <0.001

Education

No 873 (29.3) 416 (14.2) <0.001

Elementary school 1105 (45.2) 894 (41.4)

Middle school 216 (12.8) 320 (21.9)

High school or higher 161 (12.7) 275 (22.5)

With husband

No 1514 (61.6) 973 (50.1)

Yes 841 (38.4) 932 (49.9) <0.001

Smoking

Nonsmoker 2222 (93.9) 1834 (96.0)

Quit 85 (3.4) 37 (2.0) <0.001

Yes 48 (2.6) 34 (2.0)

Drinking alcohol

No 1740 (72.8) 1465 (75.1)

Yes 615 (27.2) 440 (24.9) 0.059