Answer the questions 1-5: The reference is below.

Instruction: Identify what are the advantages and disadvantages of the following provisions of the laws regarding the different Language Programs and Policies in the Philippines.

1. Language courses, whether Filipino or English, should be taught in that language. At the discretion of the HEI, Literature subjects may be taught in Filipino, English or any other language as there are enough instructional materials for the same and both students and instructors/ professors are competent in the language. Courses in the Humanities and Social studies should preferably be taught in Filipino.

2. The committee suggested that Tagalog will be use as the basis of a national language.

3. The National language of the Philippines is Filipino.

4. Take steps to enhance the use of Filipino in official communications, transactions and correspondence in their respective offices, whether national or local.

5. Bilingual education in the Philippines is described as " the separate use of Filipino and English as the media of instruction in separate subject areas.

Here is the reference;

Language in Education Policy

This refers to express the legislation on and application referring to languages or media of instruction and languages of literacy that will be used for basic education.

Language Planning

It is a new field in Sociolinguistics and generally it answers the question "What language is to be used?"

Two Kinds of Language Planning

1.Corpus Planning-it focuses on the standardization and codification of a language like grammar, spelling, new words and script

2.Status Planning refers to the choice of languages and the behaviour towards dialects. It answers the question "What languages should be taught in schools?"

Three Outcomes of Language Planning

1. Language Maintenance

When individuals put limitations in language neither self or externally enacted.

1. Language Shift

It happens when there is less enclosure of language and where there is access to resources and education. People who shift from their own language often use the dominant language

1. Bilingualism

The usage of two languages.

Stages in Language Planning

1. Selection-variety or varieties to be use
2. Standardization-the new norm must be standardized in terms of script, phonology and morphology
3. Diffusion or implementation-took place most of the time in school
4. Modernization-language must be scattered and revised. An example of modernization is unification of technical vocabulary. Ex. During the World War II the word inflammable means the same thing with unflammable. Later it was changed to flammable

Language Policies in the Philippines

The surfacing of a national language that can be used to unite the country is a dream which dates back in 1935. President Manuel L. Quezon thought of making this a reality by including an article in the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines.

Article XIV Section 3 states that" ... Congress shall make necessary steps towards the development of a national language which will be based on one existing native languages..."

Through the National Assembly they passes the Commonwealth Act No. 184 that created a national committee and empowered its members to make a decision which of the subsist native major languages will the national language to be based. The members were Jaime C. de Veyra ( Hiliganon), Santiago Fonacier ( Ilocano), Casimiro Perfecto ( Bicol), Felix Salas Rodriquez ( Samarnon) Felix Sotto ( Cebuano), Cecilio Lopez ( Tagalog) and Hadji Butu ( Maranao-Maguinadanao). Mr. Jaime de Veyra was the chairman of the committee and after a year four committee members were added namely Isidro Abad ( Cebuano), Zoilo Hilario ( Pampango), Jose Zulueta ( Pangasinan), and Lope K. Santos ( Tagalog).

The committee suggested that Tagalog will be use as the basis of a national language. With this suggestion, Executive Order No. 134 s. 1937 declared that the national language will be based on Tagalog. After three years since the declaration of Tagalog as the national language ( officially called as Pilipino since 1959) it was agreed that it will be the official languages of the Philippines. Tagalog was taught in teacher education courses and in the elementary and secondary schools all throughout the country. As the appointed director of the Institute of the National Language ( 1939), Lope K. Santos spearheaded the preparation of a grammar book (Balarila ng Wikang Pambansa). The Tagalog-based wastaught in school as one subject areas but not as a medium of instruction. At the onset of the World War II, the Japanese motivated the use of the National Language instead of English in the schools. Thus Tagalog-based national language cultivate in education, mass media and in official communication.

In 1973, when issue about national Language arised, the Committee on National Language (CNL) was drafted by the convention delegates to look into the matter. The CNL decided toabolish Pilipino and replace it with a new common national language which is known as Filipinobased from the existing national language..." Filipino was used in pursuant to the 1973 Constitution. The decision of the CNL was not free from criticisms from different members of the community and the society as well.

The 1987 Constitution

In the 1987 Constitution, Filipino the national language of the Philippines was finally settled. Article XIV, Section 6 highlighted that "the National language of the Philippines is Filipino". As it evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. Aside from that the constitution also stated subject to the provision of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.

Section 7. For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English.

It was also stated that theregional languages are considered as theauxiliary official language in the region and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.

The Bilingual Education Policy ( BEP)

In line with the constitutional mandate and based from the declared policy of the National Board of Education (NBE) on bilingualism in the school ( NBE Resoultion No. 73-7 s, 1973) the Deapratment of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS), promulgated its language policy. It was first implemented in 1974 when DECS issued Dept. Order No. 25 s, 1974 titled " Implementing Guidelines for the Policy on Bilingual Education."

Bilingual education in the Philippines is described as " the separate use of Filipino and English as the media of instruction in separate subject areas. As mentioned in DECS Order No. 25, Pilipino ( changed in 1987) shall be used as medium of instruction in Social Studies/ Social Sciences, Music, Arts, Physical Education, Home Economics, Practical Arts and Character Education. English will be used for the subjects Science, Mathematics and Technology subjects.

The goals of BEP shall be:

1. Enhanced learning through two languages to achieve quality education as called for
2. Propagation of Filipino as a language of literacy;
3. The development of Filipino as a linguistic symbol of national unity and identity;
4. The cultivation and elaboration of Filipino as a language of scholarly discourse, that is to say its continuing intellectualization; and the maintenance of English as an international language of the Philippines and as a non-exclusive language of Science and Technology.

• Filipino and English shall be taught as language subjects in all levels to achieve the goals of the bilingual competence
• The improvement of the teaching of both language will be the task of the whole educational system
• For the tertiary level institutions they must act as leaders in continuing the intellectualization of Filipino however, it shall be pursued also in the elementary and secondary levels.
• DECS will give the means necessary for the implementation of this language policy with the assistance of government and non government organizations.
• DECS will also be responsible for allocating funds for the material production, in-service training, compensatory and enrichment programs for the non-Tagalogs, development of suitable and standardized Filipino for classroom use and the development of appropriate evaluative instruments.

Executive Order no. 335

Former President Corazon C. Aquino signed into law Executive Order No. 335 to do the following:

1. Take steps to enhance the use of Filipino in official communications, transactions and correspondence in their respective offices, whether national or local;
2. Assign one or more personnel as maybe necessary, in every office to take charge of communications and correspondence written in Filipino;
3. Translate into Filipino names of offices, buildings, public edifices and signboards of all offices, divisions or its instrumentalities, and if so desired, imprint below in small letters the English text;
4. Filipinize the "Oath of Office" for government officials and personnel;
5. Make as part of the training programs for personnel development in each office the proficiency in the use of Filipino in official communications and correspondence.

To implement such objectives, the Institute of Philippine Languages is hereby ordered to formulate and implement programs and projects, which include: 1) information campaign on the importance and necessity of Filipino as an effective instrument for national unity and progress; 2) translation into Filipino of this Executive Order, as well as government terms to be utilized as reference materials for all offices; 3) training of all government officials and personnel in the use of Filipino; 4) monitoring of the implementation of this Order and submitting periodic progress report of implementation to the Office of the Philippines thru the Department of Education, Culture and Sports; and 5) taking into account other strategies for the full implementation of the objectives of this Order.

Language Policy of the Commission on Higher Education

It was in 1994 thatRepublic Act No. 7722, creating the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) also known as the "Higher Education Act of 1994" was signed. This act separates the DECS and attached to the Office of the President for administrative purposes only. The coverage shall be for both public and private institutions of higher educations as well as degree-granting programs in post-secondary educational institutions, public and private.

CHED issued guidelines in connection with DECS Order No. 52, series of 1987.

1. Language courses, whether Filipino or English, should be taught in that language.
2. At the discretion of the HEI, Literature subjects may be taught in Filipino, English or any other language as there are enough instructional materials for the same and both students and instructors/ professors are competent in the language. Courses in the Humanities and Social studies should preferably be taught in Filipino.

Executive Order No. 210

It was former Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo who signedExecutive Order 210 in 2003 named as Executive Order 210 s, 2003 Establishing The Policy To Strengthen The Use of the English Language as a Medium of Instruction in the Educational System.Under Section 1 the following declarations were made:

a. English shall be taught as a second language, starting with the First Grade.

b. As provided for in the 2002 Basic Education Curriculum, English shall be used as the medium of instruction for English, Mathematics and Science from at least the Third Grade level.

c. The English language shall be used as the primary medium of instruction in all public and private institutions of learning in the secondary level, including those established as laboratory and/or experimental schools, and non-formal and vocational or technical educational institutions. As the primary medium of instruction, the percentage of time allotment for learning areas conducted in the English language is expected to be not less thanseventy percent(70%) of the total time allotment for all learning areas in the secondary level.

Aside from this, Section 2 emphasize that higher education institutions ( HEI's) namely State Universities and Colleges (SUC) to use English and make efforts to promote it.

SECTION 2.Institutions of Higher Education.- Institutions of higher education, including State Colleges and Universities [SUCs], are hereby encouraged to adopt the use of the English language as the primary medium of instruction in the tertiary level. The CHED shall adopt measures to promote and encourage the use of the English language as the primary medium of instruction in the tertiary or higher education level.

In Section 3 various government agencies were tasked to assess, provide training programs for teachers and develop and enriched it while Section 4, tasks were distributed to the support mechanism group to ensure the success of the implementation of the Executive Order 210. Finally, Section 10 affirms that the national Language is Filipino and emphasized that it will be as the medium of instruction in Araling Panlipunan and Filipino subjects.

SECTION 3.Proficiency of Teachers.- The DepEd, through the National Educators' Academy of the Philippines [NEAP], the Educational Development Project Implementing Task Force [EDPITAF], the CHED, the TESDA, as well as through the educational institutions in the private sector, shall evaluate the proficiency of educators in the English language and conduct training programs nationwide to develop and improve it.

SECTION 4.Support Mechanisms.- The implementing authorities specified in Section 5 hereof shall undertake to secure the funding support necessary to provide adequate learning materials and resources that will develop the aptitude, competence and proficiency of students in the English language. They shall also collaborate in developing an evaluation instrument that will make it possible to monitor the progress of educators and students in achieving the policy objectives established herein.

SECTION 8.Use of the Filipino Language. - Pursuant to the Constitutionally-mandated policy of the Government to ensure and promote the evolution, development and further enrichment of Filipino as the national language of the Philippines, the Filipino language shall continue to be the medium of instruction in the learning areas of Filipino andAraling Panlipunan.