Answer this: If you were to implement two (2) Approaches to Tourism Planning and Development in your City or Municipality, what would it be, and how would you execute it? My municipality is in Santiago City, Isabela. You can search on Google for my municipality and still need it to be developed.

APPROACHES TO TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

1. NO PLANNING.Many destinations start without any tourism planning because planning is unnecessary when the place has underdeveloped supply and demand or when the visitation rate of tourists is low. Some countries do not see tourism as a priority industry, but sometimes, there may be a need to plan. Still, a destination or local government unit may not have the capacity in terms of planning skills or budget to invest in tourism.

2. AD-HOC PLANNING.The planning only as the need arises, such as planning for town fiesta or when an important visitor is coming. Planning may prepare the welcome party and the meals, and the itinerary for the special guest. In this case, planning is done on a piecemeal basis, and there is no established tourism plan at all. It is related to issue-based planning, which is driven by issues that emerge from time to time and the search for solutions to those issues.

3. INTEGRATED TOURISM PLANNING.Tourism isdeveloped and planned as an integrated system within itself and as part of an overall tourism plan and total development patterns in an area. It implies that tourism must be compatible with existing economic activities and the values of the residents. An example of integrated planning is provided in the National Tourism Development Plan (NTDP); the Philippines was divided into 20 tourism clusters, with the groups built around tourism development areas, which are, in turn, developed around tourist sites, which are made up of tourism attractions. The clusters take into account the province's comparative advantages. Developing smaller tourism development units (TDUs) contributes to the development of bigger TDUs. The NDTP addresses tourism infrastructure and connectivity issues, tourism products, destination competitiveness, human capital, and intuitional governance. A similar system works at Incheon International Airport, South Korea, but instead of trains, buses, which are right outside the arrival gates, take you to the main cities.

4. BOOSTERIST APPROACH.It sees tourism as a positive force foreconomic development. Its primary goal is tomaximize tourism revenues through mass tourism. The main strategies are to expand physical tourism capacity and conduct massive international promotion campaigns. Primary indicators of success are increasing tourist arrivals and receipts on the demand side and the number of hotel rooms and air seats on the supply side.

5. PRODUCT-LED DEVELOPMENT.This approach to tourism development suggests that the key to a successful tourism program is toprovide infrastructure, facilities, and amenities. Construct a theme park or a water resort in the middle of nowhere, and people will find their way to it for as long as the attraction is of high quality. A practical method is to conduct a tourism resource inventory and match each resource with potential markets (product-market matching).

6. SPATIAL PLANNING APPROACH.It is a type of product-led tourism planning but on a broader scale. It is focused on "destination layout and design." It breaks down tourism into spatial units such as gateways (main access point, such as an airport), communities, access routes, attraction complexes (Dredge and Jenkins 2007). According to Gunn, 1988 he identifies their spatial units in tourism-(1) site scale, (2) destination scale, and (3) regional scale.

Site scalerefers toplanning at the level of individual tourism property like hotels, resorts, or restaurants.

The destination scaleis the planning of tourism in acommunity and its surrounding areas.

Regional-scaleis planning at thelevel of province, region, or country.

7. DEMAND-LED APPROACH.It is related to Kotler's marketing orientation; it is essential for two reasons. First, we need todesign the tourism product around the market, and second, demandprojections serve as the basis of expansion of the physical capacity of the destination. The provision of tourism facilities, amenities, and services must understand the market characteristics and requirements.Tourism productsmust be tailored according to thespecifications of tourists, which may be influenced by their demographics, stage of a life cycle, psychographics, religion, culture, and "explorer quotient"a person's tendency to indulge in the adventure).The satisfactionof tourists leads torepeat visits or positive word-of-mouth,which will generate an even more significant number of arrivals. A practical way to do this is to identify what the tourist market segments want and to match these wants with the available tourist attractions in the destinations.

8. BUREAUCRATIC/ GOVERNMENT APPROACH.This approach puts thegovernment at the center of planning and development. It is the primary and multi-tasking actor. The government may use various policy instruments to promote advocacy, money, action, and laws.

Advocacy instruments refer to strategic plans, accreditation schemes, investment schemes,etc.

Monetary instruments include travel taxes, user fees, license permits, tax relief, income tax holidays, etc.

Government action refers to infrastructure provision, marketing, promotion, education, and research.

Laws refer to zoning, building, fire and safety regulations, and foreign investment regulations.

There are two types of bureaucratic approaches:

1. Central planning approach.It is where thenational-level agencies carry out all functions related to tourism planning and development. An example is North Korea, where there is a central plan for tourism development. Its government owns all the hotels, restaurants, resorts, the flag carrier Koryo Airlines, and tour buses. They also run the Pyongyang Tourism College, which trains tour guides and foreign language interpreters. North Korea controls the movement of tourists inside the country by requiring all tour groups or individual tourists to have a local tour guide with them 24 hours a day.

2. Devolved planning approach.It is where local government units assume control of tourism planning and development of their respective jurisdictions. In the Philippines, the devolution of tourism is mandated by Republic Act 7160, known as the Local Government Code of 1991.

9. MIDDLE PATH APPROACH (BHUTAN MODEL).The opposite of boosterism is low volume, high-yield tourism, which developed the "middle path approach." An excellent example of a country that applies this approach is Bhutan, where strict controls are imposed on the types and volume of tourism to maximize revenue but minimize the adverse effect of tourism religion, culture, and the environment to the Bhutanese, "Gross National Happiness" is more important than explicit material wealth. In the Kingdom of Bhutan, tourists are required to spend a high minimum amount of money per day of the visit, which eliminates the entry of budget tourists. Because budget travelers comprise the bulk of the market, they can potentially alter the culture of the Bhutanese if there are no restrictions.

10. ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH.It works best when the place being considered for tourism development is supplied with natural attractions of outstanding beauty; remote; beyond the reach of commercial electric and water services, or protected by laws, such as protected areas and ancestral domains of indigenous peoples.

11. ECOTOURISM APPROACH.It is a suitable form of tourism for places described; the Department of Tourism 2002 defines it as a form of sustainable tourism within a natural and cultural heritage area where community participation, protection and management of natural resources, culture and indigenous knowledge and practices, environmental education and ethics, as well as economic benefits are fostered and pursued the enrichment of host communities and satisfaction of visitors. Ecotourism emphasizes the ecological and cultural dimensions of sustainability."

12.SOCIAL APPROACH.Emphasize the role of stakeholders in the tourism planning process. It is concerned with directing the benefit and control of resources toward the community and other vulnerable groups.

13.PARTICIPATORY/ STAKEHOLDER APPROACH.Putspeople at the center of the planning process; it is an approach in which a relevant stakeholder has a say in the deliberation and decision-making process. Stakeholders refer to groups of people, or entities, or individuals within a place interested in tourism because they will be affected by a decision to develop or not develop tourism. Stakeholders refer to the government at all levels, business owners, non-governmental organizations, religious groups, schools, indigenous people, residents, etc., Their opinions and suggestions, recommendations, shared experiences, and apprehensions about future development need to be factored in the planning process (Community Tool Box 2013)

14.COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM.Tourism that is owned and managed by communities and intended to deliver more comprehensive community benefits. The core of community based tourism isallowing an organization to have control over a tourism enterprise. An excellent example is thetransactive planning approach, based on social learning theory and transactive (interpersonal) interaction. The planner brings process knowledge (theory, methodology, skills, and broader societal perspectives) to facilitate shared understanding among people or clients, bringing personal knowledge (experience and local conditions and needs) to the planning process. A mutual learning process occurs as the planner and client are recognized for the equal value and importance of the knowledge each contributes.

15.PRO-POOR APPROACH.It is defined as tourism that generates net benefits for the poor. In this approach, the "needs of the poor are prioritized over externally-oriented growth imperatives." For pro-poor tourism to succeed, the following principles need to be adhered to:

Participation by poor people in decisions affecting their livelihood priorities Holistic livelihoods approach, tourism is seen as part of livelihood options in an area; it can be the main economic activity or serve only as a supplement to existing livelihood activities.Equity distribution of benefits and costs

Flexibility pace or scale of development may be adjusted as the case may be. Commercial realism does not have to be small-scale; linking micro and small tourism enterprises with mainstream tourism will help ensure their viability

Learning lessons from poverty analysis, environmental management, good governance, and small enterprise development should be passed on to build the body of knowledge.

16.FAIRTRADE TOURISM.The proper trade movement is "a response to the failure of conventional trade to deliver sustainable livelihoods and development opportunities to people in the poorest countries of the world" (World Fair Trade Organization 2009). It is a trading partnership based on dialogue, transparency, and respect seeking more significant international trade equity. It contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions and securing the rights of marginalized procedures and workers, specifically in the South.

17.SUSTAINABLE TOURISM APPROACH.It is a development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.