Answers to each of the four situations described below addressing the required criteria (i.e. 1 & 2) in each independent case. You may use a tabulated format if helpful having "Threats", "Safeguards" and "Objective Assessment" as column headings.

Andrew Reynolds has been appointed as a junior auditor of King Chartered Accountants (KCA). One of his first tasks is to review the firm's audit clients (all public interest entities) to ensure that independence requirements of APES 110 (Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants) are being met. His review has revealed the following:

(a) Rebecca, FCPA, is the engagement partner on the audit of DHP Limited (DHP). Tony Barlow, FCPA, is not involved in the DHP audit but practices in the same office as Rebecca. Tony's financially dependent daughter Niki is considering on using her savings to purchase a minor ownership interest (around 3%) in DHP.

(b) Timothy, FCPA is an engagement partner at KCA. KCA has recently been appointed the auditor of Maylands Ferries Limited (MFL). MFL has been providing ferry services in Perth for the past 17 years. Timothy has received a request to participate in the current year's audit engagement of MFL. Timothy's first cousin, Jack, is considering to purchase a 10% shareholding in MFL. Jack works as a financial controller is one the top 200 firms listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX).

(c) KCA has recently been approached by GG Electronics (GG) to conduct its audit. The accountant at GG, Brendan Hall, is a child hood friend of Keven Nash CPA, who is one of the audit partners at KCA and is being considered to lead the GG audit engagement.

(d) Big Steel Limited (BSL) is an audit client of KCA. BSL has requested that KCA help in designing as well as implementing a new IT system for BSL, setting BSL's policies and strategic direction, arranging interviews for BSL's hiring of new personnel, and providing advice on structuring BSL's corporate finance transactions.

For each of the independent situations above, and using the conceptual framework in APES 110 (Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants), answer the following questions:

1. Identify potential threat(s) to independence & recommend safeguards (if any) to reduce the independence threat(s) identified.

2. Provide an objective assessment of whether audit independence can be achieved.