Answers with explanation please

1. The ________________ approach measures the human impacts on the environment in

terms of the land area required to supply a society's resources and assimilate its wastes

and pollution.

2. Major environmental issues for the twenty-first century include ________________,

____________________, and ______________________.

3. Resources that do not regenerate through natural processes, at least on a human time

scale, such as oil, coal, and mineral ores are called ________________.

4. Emissions of __________________________lead to global warming and climate

change.

5. The ___________________________ agreement allowed each country set their own

emissions targets on a voluntary basis and enact national policies to meet these targets.

6. The two most prominent market-based policies for addressing climate change are

________________ and ________________.

7. The __________________ curve posits an inverted U-shaped relationship between

economic development and environmental damages, suggesting that as nations develop

their damage to the environment decreases.

8. Taxes that are used as a means to internalize the negative externalities from pollution

are called ________________________.

9. A discount rate that reflects social rather than market valuation of future costs and

benefits, and is usually lower than the market discount rate, is called a

_____________________.

10. An economy with no increase in population, or in the rate of use of raw-materials and

energy is termed ________________.

True or False

11. The world population exceeded 7.5 billion in 2018, and the United Nations medium

range projections show global population of 10 billion people in 2050.

12. As of 2016, the OECD nations comprise the majority of global emissions of carbon

dioxide.

Chapter 18 - Growth And Sustainability in the 21st Century 3

13. According to leading scientists, global emissions of greenhouse gases will eventually

need to be reduced significantlyup to 50 percent lower than current levels by 2050if

we are to avoid the most dangerous effects of climate change.

14. Environmental damage per capita tends to decline with increasing income for all

major pollutants.

15. One of the limitations of green taxes is that they are regressive, likely falling

disproportionately on lower-income households.

16. Tradable permit systems allow overall pollution to increase since businesses can

purchase permits to pollute.

Short Answer

17. Distinguish between the "weak" and "strong" perspectives on sustainability. What are

some of the indicators that can be used to measure each of these?

18. Identify three environmental issues that are closely related to economic growth.

19. What kinds of environmental problems are associated with the increasing global

human population?

20. What are some of the problems predicted to occur with rising levels of greenhouse

gas emissions?

21. What is the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis? And what is the

evidence for this hypothesis?

22. Identify at least three policies for sustainable development