Any help would be appreciated

1. Explain which participants (e.g. consumers, producers, government, those facing an externality) in a market may prefer a quantity constraint to a tax and why. What is one problem with a quantity constraint? 2. Assume that a firm has the following marginal benefit of pollution (denoted E for emissions, measured in tons): MB = 150 - 5E a. How much would this firm pollute if pollution is unregulated? b. The government would like to reduce pollution from this amount by 12 tons and so implements a quantity constraint at the quantity in part (a) minus 12. What is the cost to this firm of reducing pollution by 12 tons? c. What tax would encourage this polluter to reduce pollution by the same 12 tons as the quantity constraint? What would the cost of this tax be to the firm? d. Now assume that there is a second firm with the following marginal benefit of pollution: MB2 = 90 -362. How much pollution would this firm emit if pollution is unregulated and what would it's cost be to reduce pollution by 12 tons from that level? e. Now assume that instead the government allocates each firm permits to pollute equal to the total current pollution minus 12 tons, but allows the firms to trade. Which firm will purchase permits and which firm will sell permits? Hint: Notice that total pollution reduction of firm 1 plus firm 2 will be 24 tons. f. How much pollution reduction will each firm undertake after they have traded permits? What will the total cost of pollution reduction be across both firms? g. What price will permits sell for? What would the total cost to each firm of complying with the cap-and-trade policy be? h. Explain in words why the total cost of reducing pollution is lower under cap-and-trade than with firm-specific pollution limits. 3. Explain in words why a regulator might want to sell as many permits as firms are willing to buy at some high price in a cap-and-trade system. Then explain why the regulator might offer to buy as many permits as firms are willing to sell at some low price in a cap-and-trade system