Apple and Google are both facing monopoly allegations in regard to their app stores. They limit competition through being selective with what developers/applications will be available to their consumers, as well as control the industry modes of access. Because Apple and google develop their own mobile devices installed with their app store, the competing app stores are already at a disadvantage. This poses difficulties to developers who are forced to use Apple and Google app stores as they can, and have, raised the costs of entering. They charge 30% of what developers earn when they sell an app through their app store (Steffen, et al., 2023). They are also both currently being sued by Epic games (developer of Fortnite) for violation of anti-trust laws. Google was even accused of paying off potential competitors who planned to make competing app stores (Business Weekly, 2023). When Epic games found a way for consumers to pay them directly for purchases, apple and google took them off of their mobile app stores. The sheer size of these companies, as well as their wide variety can be enough to scare off potential competitors, let alone their amount of control over digital resources. 

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Article: The Rising Costs from Monopoly Utilities and Excessive Energy Mandates

Summary:The article addresses the problem of monopolies in the market to produce electricity, with an emphasis on investor-owned utilities (IOUs) such as Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) and Hawaiian Electric. The monopoly model's proponents contend that economies of scale in the production of electricity render a single large producer more productive than several smaller ones. This fits the microeconomic criteria of a natural monopoly.

However, the article refutes this assertion by highlighting that monopoly utilities raise customer rates since they have no incentive to operate more efficiently. Given the absence of competition, this is consistent with the pricing inefficiency that is predicted in monopolies. The absence of competition discourages creative thinking in new technology, which could impede long-term cost savings. The article also highlights instances where utilities have neglected critical grid maintenance in favor of expenditures in required renewable projects, raising worries about safety and dependability. This presents concerns regarding how resources are distributed in monopolistic environments.