Apple CEO Tim Cook's strategy around outsourcing production of the iPhone to China involved a variety of related activities and endeavors. For instance, Cook served as chair of the Advisory Board of an influential business school in Beijing. In 2016 he supported Hillary Clinton's presidential bid, while also attending summits held by Donald Trump. When a trade war between the US and China escalated and Apple was faced with the possibility of having its iPhones labeled as "Assembled in China," Cook reached out to a presidential staff member to voice his concerns and attempt to change then-President Trump's mind. What can these activities best be described as?

a. An institution-based view

b. A resource-based view

c. A liability of foreignness

d. Foreign direct investment