Apple's Mac Pro factory in Austin, Texasoperated by Flex, a contract manufacturerwas referred to by Apple's CEO Tim Cook as "an example of American design, American manufacturing, and American ingenuity." However, the Austin factory was not without its challenges. Local suppliers were hard to find, components needed to be imported from Asia, demand was low, and the company experienced frequent cost overruns, which led to layoffs. Which approach could a multinational enterprise (MNE) take to mitigate this type of situation?

a. Black swan planning

b. Global value chain (GVC)

c. Global mindset

d. Reverse innovation