Archival research refers to detailed variable definitions from the data set, and the documentation that describes how the data was collected. data that are held by organizations. survey-based secondary data, which have already been analyzed for their original purpose. @@0 almost exclusively on documentary secondary data, both recent as well as historical. The reliability and validity you ascribe to secondary data can be quickly assessed by G) looking at the source ofthe data. ensuring that unwanted data is excluded. evaluating the extent of the data's validity, and making a decision on its usefulness for the research. considering the benefits associated with the data's use against its costs. Participant observation in research into organizations has the advantage of (1-D telling the researcher what happens in the organization. yielding reliable results by virtue of its replicability. making the researcher aware of significant social processes in the organization. ([9 making it possible to record the relationship between events. Most of the threats stemming from collecting data through observation are ones of: G) observer effect, where observation by the researcher changes the nature of the observed behaviour. reliability. (9 choosing the wrong subject to observe. @ degree to which the researcher's identity is concealed from those being observed. When you explore in depth a general area in which you are interested in, you may employ: semi-structured interviews structured interviews unstructured interviews questionnaires Non-standardized research methods are not necessarily intended to be: valid replicated favorable on the organization dependent on the researcher's competence To overcome interviewer bias in a research interview in an organization, one has to be: associated with the analysis and reporting of the research. aware about the channels used for communication in the organization. (9 knowledgeable about the organizational and situational context. @ clear about the assurance given to participants that confidential information is not being sought. This type of questions can be used to obtain specific information or to confirm a fact or an opinion: 6) closed-ended questions open-ended questions probing questions reflective questions In focus groups, the researcher will act as G) a reliable source of information, demonstrating his or her competence. a credible authority verifying the answers of the respondents in the focus group. G) the one directing all the questions to the members in the focus group. a facilitator and manager ofa discussion. Question 10 Questionnaires for exploratory research. help define the research questions. are very good are not particularly good give lucid explanation on the purposes Question 11 A postal questionnaire addressed to a company manager by name does not ensure that he or she is the respondent the researcher is wishing to target. will ensure that the respondent is whom you want. will reduce your data's reliability because of approaching the respondent directly without permission from the organization. will usually have a higher response rate. O Question 12 For research involving organizations, it is essential to understand the (ID the time spent planning on how to analyze the data. organizations in which the research is being done. relationships that are likely to be tested through statistical analysis. grounded theory governing the research. Question 13 2 Points When using a questionnaire, the research process must decide whether the main outcome of the research is: A useful in finding a solution to the organization's problem. B exploratory descriptive or explanatory D a confirmation of the evidenceQuestion 14 When designing individual questions researchers do one of three things: adopt questions used in other questionnaires adapt questions used in other questionnaires develop their own questions @606) any one of the above