As described in the documentary Inside Job, despite not being directly in the financial industry members of ______________ were often paid meaningful sums as experts to provide their typically positive views on financial matters. While rating agencies provided credit ratings on a variety of housing related securities (i.e, MBS) and were paid by the ___________.

a. Investment banks, security issuers

b. Academia, Securities and Exchange Commission

c. Politicians, security investors

d. Academia, security issuers