As part of his dissertation, Joe wanted to know if an icecream reward can increase the number of books read by children in the first grade. The small school has four 1st grade classes - two are given the reward and two are not; total number of books read at the end of the term are compared. 15. What is the independent variable? Is it a ANSWER true manipulated variable or a subject /participant variable? 16. What is the dependent variable? What is ANSWER its scale of measurement? 17. He found a huge difference - students ANSWER read more in the classes rewarded with icecream. What is a potential confounding variable? Answer the final question related to your previous readings and presentations on reliability and validity. 18. When you log in to take your psychology exam, you are flabbergasted to find that all of the questions are on calculus and not psychology. The next day in class, students complain so much that the professor agrees to give you all a makeup exam the following day. When you arrive in class the next day, you find that although the questions are different, they are once again on calculus. In this example, there should be high reliability of what type? What type(s) of validity is the test lacking? Explain your answers