As regards the preliminary reference procedure provided for in article 267 TFEU (choose the correct answer(s)):

a) All parties in a judicial procedure are entitled to file such an action before the CJEU.

b) Only the national Courts and Tribunals examining a judicial procedure and against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law must submit a preliminary reference to the CJEU if they have doubts they cannot solve regarding the validity or interpretation of EU Law.

c) All national Courts and Tribunals examining a judicial procedure are obliged to submit a preliminary reference to the CJEU if they have doubts they cannot solve regarding the validity or interpretation of EU Law.

d) The judgment delivered by the CJEU in a preliminary reference procedure is one of the main instruments to guarantee a uniform and homogenous interpretation of EU Law throughout the Union.

e) National Courts and Tribunals may rely on CJEU judgments delivered in previous preliminary reference procedures, where EU Law doubts examined are similar to those in the national case at hand, in order solve by themselves said doubts.