Assume a state has a criminal statute that punishes a every person who by himself or his employee or agent sells anything at short measure. Chris, an employee of Watkins Fencing, Inc. within that state, intentionally sells wire fence to Nowton Construction at short measure. Watkins:

may be held criminally liable for Chris' act even if Watkins did not authorize this action.

will only be held liable if Chris is a managerial employee.

cannot be vicariously liable for Chris' s action unless Watkins directed, participated in, or approved of the act.

will not be vicariously liable for Chris' action if it was not authorized because the element of mental fault is missing on the part of Watkins.