Assume you have just been hired as a business manager of PizzaPalace, a regional pizza restaurant chain. The company's EBIT was $120 million last year and is not expected to grow. PizzaPalace is in the 25% state-plus-federal tax bracket, the risk-free rate is 6 percent, and the market risk premium is 6 percent. The firm is currently financed with all equity, and it has 10 million shares outstanding. When you took your corporate finance course, your instructor stated that most firms' owners would be financially better off if the firms used some debt. When you suggested this to your new boss, he encouraged you to pursue the idea. If the company were to recapitalize, then debt would be issued, and the funds received would be used to repurchase stock. As a first step, assume that you obtained from the firm's investment banker the following estimated costs of debt for the firm at different capital structures: Percent Financed with Debt, Wd Rd 0% 20% 8.0% 30% 8.5% 40% 10.0% 50% 12.0% J. Liu Industries is a highly levered firm. Suppose there is a large probability that Liu will default on its debt. The value of Liu's operations is $4 million. The firm's debt consists of 1-year, zero coupon bonds with a face value of $2 million. Liu's volatility, o, is 0.60, and the risk-free rate rRF is 6%. Because Liu's debt is risky, its equity is like a call option and can be valued with the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model (OPM). (1) What are the values of Liu's stock and debt? What is the yield on the debt? (2) What are the values of Liu's stock and debt for volatilities of 0.40 and 0.80? What are yields on the debt? (3) What incentives might the manager of Liu have if she understands the relationship between equity value and volatility? What might debtholders do in response? o o 0