At his review last year, Ryan was promised a big raise if he met his production goals. Raises were included in today's paychecks, and despite that Ryan has met all of his goals, he only received a cost$-$of$-$living raise. In the future, Ryan's $\_\_\_\_\_\_$ will probably be $\_\_\_\_\_.$

a$.$

Valence; high

b$.$

Instrumentality; low

c$.$

Instrumentality; high

d$.$

Valence; low

e$.$

Expectancy; low

f$.$

Expectancy; high