At Parkside Bistro, Ogden believes that he was overcharged and shoves Nellie, the waiter. Nellie sues Ogden, alleging that the shove was a battery. Ogden is liable

a$.$ if Parkside did not overcharge Ogden.

b$.$ if Ogden acted out of malice.

c$.$ under no circumstances

d$.$ if the shove was offensive.