You are now working at a clinic and a patient walks in, telling you that they have Type 2 Diabetes. Checking their chart, you realize it’s been over three years since their hemoglobin A1C plasma levels have been tested. You run a quick lab analysis and see that they have a hemoglobin A1C plasma level of 11.5%. Given this information, answer the following questions.

(A) What is A1C and how is it different from regular blood glucose measurements?

(B) How is hemoglobin A1c is formed? What cell does this occur in?

(C) What is GLUT 1 and how does it contribute to hemoglobin A1c production? What kind of process is this and does it require energy? 

(D) What does their level of 11.5% tell you about their disease state? How does this compare to the recommended A1C levels (both diabetics and non-diabetics)

(E) At their next visit you realize that your patient’s A1C levels have not changed. What products might be forming in their blood as a result of this, and what are some of the results of having an increase of these products in their body?