At year-end 2001, Stark Industries reported cost of goods sold of $29 billion under LIFO costing and the inventory value under LIFO costing of $2.4 billion. The LIFO Reserve for year-end 2000 was $0.8 billion and at year-end 2001 it had increased to $1.5 billion.

What would Stark Industries inventory value have been at year-end 2001 if they had used FIFO inventory costing? (in billions)