Audit Sampling Case Study You are the experienced assistant auditor for the audit of ORANGE, Inc. (the "Company'), whose audit is subject to the standards of the AICPA. Your engagement team has identified risks of material misstatement related to the existence, valuation and allocation, and rights and obligations assertions of accounts receivable, specifically the risks of material misstatement that the client has recorded in sales and accounts receivable for sales and shipments that are not valid or are recorded at the incorrect amount. The total balance of accounts receivables is $51,718,517 rounded to $51,718,000. Your field senior has assigned you to test the accounts receivable balance by sampling and confirming balances with individual customers, which is a common audit test to address these risks of material misstatement. As part of your risk assessment procedures, you obtained an understanding of the Company's accounting policy, processes, and controls regarding the accounts receivable balance by performing procedures (including inquiries of management and process owners) and walkthroughs of the processes related to accounts receivable. As a result of these procedures, you understand that the accounts receivables balance is relatively homogeneous and consists of a high volume of low-dollar value transactions. You decide to use data analytics to obtain fact-based evidence and to corroborate your understanding of the accounts receivables balance. On the basis of your analysis, you identified one statistical outlier of $5,000,000, while the remaining balance aggregated to $46,718,517, which is made up of approximately 1,000 homogeneous transactions. Upon further inquiries about the $5M transaction above, you determined that it is a related-party transaction we covered in Exercise #1. On the basis of your analysis of the accounts receivable balance, you define the customer balance as the sampling unit. You determine that any balances greater than performance materiality (Tolerable misstaement) of $387,000 should be selected for testing and therefore select the $5M related-party transaction as a judgemental selection. You then determine that you would use PPS statistical sampling to test the remaining population. The other relevant factors are as follows: Performance materiality (Tolerable Misstatement) is $387 thousand. Clearly trivial threshold (De Minimis Materiality) is $38,700. The population size, excluding the $5M selected related party balance, is $46,718,517 (no other items are above performance materiality (i.e, No other large customers above TE/PM.). Population Number: Total 1,001 transactions - 1 Large (un-homogeneous) Transaction & 1,000 homogeneous transactions. The Inherent level of risk is determined to be "Higher/High." You are relying on the operating effectiveness of some of the internal controls and therefore Control Risk is determined to be MODERATE. Combined Risk of Inherent and Control Risk (AKA Risk of Material Misstatement "RMM") is determined to be Moderate. You determined that the "risk that other substantive procedures will fail to detect a material misstatement" is Moderate. The client provided the accounts receivable population to you in electronic format (an excel file). Through the use of data analytics, you noted that the population had similar, positive value characters. Q1-i Is the above a test described in the Case Facts tab a test of (a) a Variable or (b) an Attribute? ANSWER: Q1-ii (EX: (A) or (B)) Determine what effect each factor below has on the sample size: Use table below to answer. *Put 1 letter to answer each question in the table below. Effect on Sample Size Factor (a) Increase; (b) decrease; (c) Negligible No Effect] An increase in the assessment of the risk of material EX: (a) misstatement An increase in the use of other substantive procedures directed at the same assertion An increase in the desired level of Answer: assurance that tolerable misstatement is not exceeded by actual misstatement in the population An increase in tolerable misstatement An increase in the amount of misstatement expected in the population Stratification of the population when appropriate Q1-iii What factors should be considered when determining the sampling method to use? (List some factors that the auditor would have to consider to decide which of the three methods below is appropriate, try to list positive and negative factors for each). (EX: The method is easy or hard to use, special consideration for zero or negative amounts, is the method likely to give a small or large sample size, does the method take into account standard deviation, is extensive training of staff required to use the method, The tendency to focus on items that have greater monetary value, without considering the remaining items in the population, creating bias in the sample such that not all items in the population have the possibility of being selected for testing, haphazard vs random selection, stratified vs non-stratified sample, etc.) a. Non-Statistical- (Use the PPT slides to answer this question) Positive- (EX: It is Easy to use/Less Training Required/ No requirement to calculation Standard Deviation/ etc.) ANSWER: Negative- (EX: Cost of Training Staff/ Complex/ Requirement to Calculate Standard Deviation) b. Monetary unit sample (MUS/ Probability-proportional-to-size(PPS)-(Use the PPT slides to answer this question) Positives: (EX: It is Easy to use/Less Training Required/ No requirement to calculation Standard Deviation/etc.) Negative- (EX: Cost of Training Staff/ Complex/ Requirement to Calculate Standard Deviation) Audit Sampling Case Study You are the experienced assistant auditor for the audit of ORANGE, Inc. (the "Company'), whose audit is subject to the standards of the AICPA. Your engagement team has identified risks of material misstatement related to the existence, valuation and allocation, and rights and obligations assertions of accounts receivable, specifically the risks of material misstatement that the client has recorded in sales and accounts receivable for sales and shipments that are not valid or are recorded at the incorrect amount. The total balance of accounts receivables is $51,718,517 rounded to $51,718,000. Your field senior has assigned you to test the accounts receivable balance by sampling and confirming balances with individual customers, which is a common audit test to address these risks of material misstatement. As part of your risk assessment procedures, you obtained an understanding of the Company's accounting policy, processes, and controls regarding the accounts receivable balance by performing procedures (including inquiries of management and process owners) and walkthroughs of the processes related to accounts receivable. As a result of these procedures, you understand that the accounts receivables balance is relatively homogeneous and consists of a high volume of low-dollar value transactions. You decide to use data analytics to obtain fact-based evidence and to corroborate your understanding of the accounts receivables balance. On the basis of your analysis, you identified one statistical outlier of $5,000,000, while the remaining balance aggregated to $46,718,517, which is made up of approximately 1,000 homogeneous transactions. Upon further inquiries about the $5M transaction above, you determined that it is a related-party transaction we covered in Exercise #1. On the basis of your analysis of the accounts receivable balance, you define the customer balance as the sampling unit. You determine that any balances greater than performance materiality (Tolerable misstaement) of $387,000 should be selected for testing and therefore select the $5M related-party transaction as a judgemental selection. You then determine that you would use PPS statistical sampling to test the remaining population. The other relevant factors are as follows: Performance materiality (Tolerable Misstatement) is $387 thousand. Clearly trivial threshold (De Minimis Materiality) is $38,700. The population size, excluding the $5M selected related party balance, is $46,718,517 (no other items are above performance materiality (i.e, No other large customers above TE/PM.). Population Number: Total 1,001 transactions - 1 Large (un-homogeneous) Transaction & 1,000 homogeneous transactions. The Inherent level of risk is determined to be "Higher/High." You are relying on the operating effectiveness of some of the internal controls and therefore Control Risk is determined to be MODERATE. Combined Risk of Inherent and Control Risk (AKA Risk of Material Misstatement "RMM") is determined to be Moderate. You determined that the "risk that other substantive procedures will fail to detect a material misstatement" is Moderate. The client provided the accounts receivable population to you in electronic format (an excel file). Through the use of data analytics, you noted that the population had similar, positive value characters. Q1-i Is the above a test described in the Case Facts tab a test of (a) a Variable or (b) an Attribute? ANSWER: Q1-ii (EX: (A) or (B)) Determine what effect each factor below has on the sample size: Use table below to answer. *Put 1 letter to answer each question in the table below. Effect on Sample Size Factor (a) Increase; (b) decrease; (c) Negligible No Effect] An increase in the assessment of the risk of material EX: (a) misstatement An increase in the use of other substantive procedures directed at the same assertion An increase in the desired level of Answer: assurance that tolerable misstatement is not exceeded by actual misstatement in the population An increase in tolerable misstatement An increase in the amount of misstatement expected in the population Stratification of the population when appropriate Q1-iii What factors should be considered when determining the sampling method to use? (List some factors that the auditor would have to consider to decide which of the three methods below is appropriate, try to list positive and negative factors for each). (EX: The method is easy or hard to use, special consideration for zero or negative amounts, is the method likely to give a small or large sample size, does the method take into account standard deviation, is extensive training of staff required to use the method, The tendency to focus on items that have greater monetary value, without considering the remaining items in the population, creating bias in the sample such that not all items in the population have the possibility of being selected for testing, haphazard vs random selection, stratified vs non-stratified sample, etc.) a. Non-Statistical- (Use the PPT slides to answer this question) Positive- (EX: It is Easy to use/Less Training Required/ No requirement to calculation Standard Deviation/ etc.) ANSWER: Negative- (EX: Cost of Training Staff/ Complex/ Requirement to Calculate Standard Deviation) b. Monetary unit sample (MUS/ Probability-proportional-to-size(PPS)-(Use the PPT slides to answer this question) Positives: (EX: It is Easy to use/Less Training Required/ No requirement to calculation Standard Deviation/etc.) Negative- (EX: Cost of Training Staff/ Complex/ Requirement to Calculate Standard Deviation)