banswer for a: 20.32%, 50.8%, 62.99%, 40.64%

answer for b: the universe, a sample, the population

answer for c: 7.031%, 8.1678%, 9.1319%, 12.328%

answer for d: .831, .3775, .5168, .4494

Returns earned over a given time period are called realized returns. Historical data on realized returns is often used to estimate future results. Analysts across companies use realized stock returns to estimate the risk of a stock. Five years of realized returns for Happy Dog Soap Inc. (Happy Dog) are given in the following table: 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Stock return 20.00% 13.60% 24.00% 33.60% 10.40% Also note that: 1. While Happy Dog was started 40 years ago, its common stock has been publicly traded for the past 25 years. 2. The returns on Happy Dog's equity are calculated as arithmetic returns. Given this return data, the average realized return on Happy Dog Soap Inc.'s stock is of Happy Dog's historical returns. Based on this conclusion, the standard deviation of The preceding data series represents Happy Dog's historical returns is If investors expect the average realized return on Happy Dog Soap Inc.'s stock from 2012 to 2016 to continue into the future, its expected coefficient of variation (CV) is expected to equal