(b) Describe in detail the alternative ways that a company has available to raise both debt and equity capital. (10 marks) (c) Why do companies go public? In the light of international empirical evidence, explain the advantages and disadvantages of going public and of being listed. (10 marks) (d) One of the generalized stylized facts about IPOs is "short-run underpricing". Discuss the theoretical explanations and empirical evidence provided in the literature for this observed anomaly. (15 marks) (e) Explain in detail other anomalies related to the IPO process, giving the theoretical explanations provided in the literature and the available empirical evidence. (20 marks)