Background and Facts: Diana Renkel alleged that she had received substandard medical care while incarcerated in the United States Disciplinary Barracks at Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas. She sued the government, arguing that the government had violated her rights under the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhaman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (the Convention, or Convention against Torture). The district court dismissed her suit, nding that there is no private right of action under the Convention. She appealed to the US. Court of Appeals. Decision: Renkel has no cause of action under the United Nations Convention against Torture because it is not a self-executing treaty. Nor does Renkel have a cause of action under any domestic law implementing the United States' obligations under the Convention. Judgment for the government is afrmed. Questions: a. In the United States, to whom do rights created by treaties belong. b. What is the difference between self-executing treaties and non-selfexecuting treaties