Based on empirical illustration (photos attached) of international trade and international flows of capital and labor, indicate the most important and visible tendencies in these flows.

Top 20 exporters of chemicals and pharmaceutical products, 2016 (USD mld, %) Notes: Total exports refer to 2015. The foreign value-added content of exports represents the level of foreign intermediates, goods or services, that are imported from supply chains 100 United States Switzerland Saudi Arabia Value of exports (left axis) Top traders of final medicinal products, inter Medicinal and Country Code (ISO-2) Chemical compounds and APIs products Exports Imports Exports China 17,8 4,6 8.2 India 3.7 3,3 15,9 Japan 1,3 3,4 6,0 Singapore 2,5 1,7 7.6 Brazil 0,3 2,8 1.1 Belgium 7,5 6,2 51,3 Switzerland 11,7 6,3 81,7 Germany 4,9 10,2 87,4 Spain 1,6 3,6 12,1 France 2,1 6,0 34,8 Ireland 15,1 2,8 53,1 Italy 3,4 5,9 33,1 Netherlands 7,9 7,1 42,4 Top 10 exporters and importers of office and telecom equipment, 2019 (USD mld, %) Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change 2010- 2019 2000 2005 2010 2019 19 2017 2018 2019 Exporters China (1) 633 4,5 17,7 27, 32.0 4 11 8 European Union 362 24,1 25,2 21.4 18,3 1 11 8 Extra-EU Exports 118 10.2 10.0 7.4 5.9 O 8 5 Hong Kong, China 293 8 ... 6 10 -3 Domestic exports -23 -7 -35 22Merchandise world exports, by major product groups, 2008-2018 (Index 2008 = 100) 400 300 Manufactures Fuels and mining produ 200 Agricultural products Total merchandise 100 0 - 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 World merchandise exports by product group, 2008-2018 (US$ billion) 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 2008 2009 2010 2017 2018 Manufactures Fuels and mining products Agricultural products World merchandise exports by major product group, 2000-19 (US$ billion and annual percentage change) Note: Data including intra- trade of the European Union, excluding re-exports of Hong Kong, China 40 000 30 000Merchandise trade by selected groups of economies, 2009-2019 (USD mld) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Exports 12563 15306 18341 18517 18966 19007 16555 16043 17737 19468 18888 World (1) ,5 ,2 .2 ,2 6 6 ,7 North America and Europe EFTA 293,3 330.9 400,6 478.5 518.9 460.9 398,4 395.7 405,5 438,1 421,8 4261, 4768, 5587. 5342, 5535. 5653, 4929, 4969. 5467. 5993, 5813 European Union 1601, 1964, 2283, 2372, 2417, 2493, 2293, 2215, 2376, 2565, 2553, NAFTA South and Central America Andean Community 78.6 99 4 134,0 142,6 138,2 132,4 97.2 92.7 109,3 121,4 118, 52.4 53.0 55.8 CACM 37.8 42.9 52.8 55.7 54.4 53.6 50.0 50.2 CARICOM 15.0 17.8 23.2 22.2 27.4 22.6 14.5 16.3 18.1 16. MERCOSUR 276,8 349,1 448.6 435,9 425.3 387,0 301,3 285,3 325,0 352,1 319,5 Africa CEMAC 27,0 35,7 44.6 44.5 42.2 39.4 26,5 22,8 23,8 28.2 26,7 COMESA 107.6 135,7 117,2 152.6 139,1 113.3 86.6 87.3 104.4 118,8 112,4 ECCAS 71,7 92.0 119.1 122.7 117,5 107,3 66.3 56,6 67.3 81.1 69.4 ECOWAS 83.4 114,8 155,1 155,7 133,5 147,0 86.5 70.9 89.4 107,8 110,5 SADC 131,3 181,0 223.0 218,3 215.6 205.9 157,4 146,8 172,2 189.8 172,0 WAEMU 19.3 20.7 24.0 23.8 24.6 26.4 23.3 23,0 25.4 27,1 28,7 Middle East and Asia Merchandise trade by selected groups of economies, 2009-2019 (USD mld) 2009 2010 201 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Imports 12710, 15435, World (1) 18432,5 18654.5 18964,0 19055,3 16722,2 16197,9 17975,2 19812,3 19237,6 North America and Europe EFTA 228,0 257.5 303,8 388.0 416.3 370,6 334.7 347.9 358,0 373,8 368,6 European 4201,9 4732,2 5564,6 5178,3 5261,2 5348.8 4609,3 4621,9 5160,3 5746,6 5526,7 Union NAFTA 2176,7 2682, 1 3090.7 3193.3 3195,8 3299.4 3150,7 3060,6 3284.3 3561,3 3499, South and Central America Andean Community 74.3 96.7 124.3 135.6 139.6 144.6 123.3 105.9 115.3 127,7 127,3 CACM 55.4 66.3 82,1 89.5 87.0 88.7 84.9 80.7 84.9 89,6 90,2 CARICOM 23.6 24.9 30.3 30.9 34.7 33.0 29.3 26.5 27.7 31.2 29.7 259.9 MERCOSUR 227,8 306.0 382,4 375.9 397.6 371,7 292.4 232,7 255.4 288,0 Africa CEMAC 16,5 17,7 20.3 26.1 26.3 26.0 29.2 22.6 18,1 16.4 17,7 COMESA 134,6 158,0 165,7 198.2 203.5 201,8 185,0 161,6 178,2 196,9 193,1 41.0 ECCAS 46.1 43.5 54.7 59.3 61.9 68. 52.9 39.0 38.9 43.3 ECOWAS 83.6 103,1 104.9 114.7 114.0 93.7 84.7 83.3 99.9 108,3 67.1 SADC 140,8 165.4 209.0 222,1 228,7 225,8 192.1 162,2 176,5 197,3 187,0 36.6 WAEMU 22.0 24,5 25.1 30.1 35.2 34,0 29,1 28.4 32.1 36,5 Middle East and Asia ACEAN 12420 12412 Inn7 0 1290 0 Trading partners of developing economies, 2008-2018 (USD mld, %) 20 000 16 000 12 000Economies with the most significant changes in export (blue) and import (red), 201 ige) 8 12 16 20 Top 10 exporters and importers of agricultural products, 2019 (mid USD, %) Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change 2019 2000 2005 2010 2019 2010-19 2017 2018 2019 Exporters European Union 639 38.9 41.9 37.4 35.9 8 W 6 224 12.6 13.0 11.9 12,6 A 8 Extra-EU Exports 165 13.0 9.8 10.5 9.3 N 3 -4 United States of America 2.8 4.1 5,1 14 6 -5 Brazil 89 5.0 3 4 China 82 3,0 3,4 3.8 4,6 5 6 65 6.3 4.9 3.8 3,7 2 6 A -6 Canada Thailand 43 2,2 2,1 2.6 2.4 2 18 N -3 42 1.4 1,7 2.7 2.4 2 26 -7 -8 Indonesia 40 2.2 2.3 2.6 2,2 1 -4 -3 15 Argentina 37 1,1 1,2 1.7 2.1 6 17 0 India Mexico 36 1,7 1,5 1.4 2.0 8 12 a Above 10 1239 72,5 72,8 71,6 69,6 Importers European Union 595 36.3 39.2 35,7 33,3 N 9 -4 Extra-EU Imports 180 13.0 12,5 11,1 10,1 2 7 a 7 17 8 China 199 3 3 50 7 8 112 World exports of food, 2000-19 (USD mld, %) 40 7 30 20 10Top 10 exporters and importers of food, 2019 (USD mld, %) Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change 2010- 2019 2000 2005 2010 2019 19 2017 2018 201 Exporters European Union 553 10.6 43.4 38.4 36,3 3 8 u 12.0 u Extra-EU Exports 190 3.3 13,3 12,5 United States of America 136 12,6 9. 1 10.1 8.9 N w 14 A Brazil 76 3.0 4.5 5,5 5,0 71 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.7 5 4 A China 3.3 3 6 W Canada 50 4.1 3.6 3,3 39 2,7 2,7 3.0 2.6 2 -4 -4 Argentina 35 1,9 1,7 1,6 2,3 8 13 a Mexico 34 2.3 1,9 2,2 2,2 3 11 J Thailand 33 1,3 1,3 1.6 2,2 7 18 -1 India 1.3 1.4 2.3 2.2 3 22 -6 Indonesia 33 Above 10 1060 72.9 73.3 72.0 69.7 Importers 513 36.7 40.2 36.2 33.7 U N European Union 12,3 6 A Extra-EU Imports 152 12,3 10.9 10,0 2 Top 10 exporters and importers of fuels and mining products, 2019 (USD mld, %) Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change 2010- 2019 2000 2005 2010 2019 19 2017 2018 201 Exporters 465 14,5 15,4 14,3 16.0 26 19 European Union 167 4,5 4.5 4.9 5.8 30 18 Extra-EU Exports 247 7.2 9.2 8.5 53 12 Russian Federation United States of America 243 3,2 2,8 4.2 8.4 7 38 34 185 3.1 2,8 4.2 6,4 4 26 20 Australia Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of (1) 180 8,3 8,9 7.0 6,2 -2 25 14 30 15 Canada 127 5,6 4.0 4.4 1 2,7 6 24 27 China (2) 79 1.4 1.7 1.6 United Arab Emirates (1) 78 3.5 3.0 2.5 2,7 0 40 6 64 4,2 3,0 -4 22 -24 Norway 4.9 2,2 29 Iraq (1) 62 2.3 1,3 1,7 2,1 2 36 14 Above 10 1731 53.9 54,4 51,6 59.7 Importers European Union 786 30.4 31,8 27,6 25,0 -1 26 23 -11 Extra-EU Imports 489 21,0 21,1 18.4 15.5 -2 27 26 -12 Top 10 exporters and importers of manufactures, 2019 (USD mld, %) Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change 2010- 2019 2000 2005 2010 2019 19 2017 2018 2019 Exporters 4631 38,0 41,0 37,2 35.9 2 9 10 -3 European Union 8 16.4 15,3 15,1 3 Extra-EU Exports 1941 5,5 8 China (1) 2321 9.6 14.8 18.0 5 8 10 9.0 3 4 1161 13,8 10.0 9.4 2 -1 United States of America -1 7 6 -5 Japan OTT 0,0. Moldova - 16,3% Private transfers ($ billion, 2019e) 82.2 (Percentage of GDP, 2019e) 70.3 38.5 34.3 29.9 29.7 29.6 38.7 35.1 21.4 20.8 19.3 18.4 17.6 26.425.421.9 17.316.715.9 India China Haiti Nepal Mexico Nigeria Samoa Pakistan Vietnam Ukraine ong Philippines Tajikistan Honduras El Salvador Comoros Bangladesh Egypt, Arab Rep. Kyrgyz Republic West Bank and.. Chart 2 Reliance on remittances The 10 largest recipients of remittances are located in diverse regions, with the top ones receiving more than 30 percent of GDP through this channel. Tajikistan Bermuda Tonga Kyrgyz Republic Nepal Lesotho Haiti Moldova El Salvador Samoa 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 The 10 largest recipients of remittances, 2004-18, percent of GDP Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators. Top money transfer destination by country Denmark Sweden Sweden Ukraine China Finland Russia Belgium Russia China Mexico France Russia Russia France Pakistan China Philippines Gaza US Gaza India Bangladesh Senegal Burkina Nigeria Nigeria Ghana. Djibouti Spain gand china indonesia Portugal spain China esotho (Spain ChinaWorld merchandise exports by major product group, 2000-19 (US$ billion and annual percentage change) Note: Data including intra- trade of the European Union, excluding re-exports of Hong Kong, China 40 000 30 000 20 000 Total 10 000 01/01/1904 World merchandise exports by major product group, 2019 (%) Agriculture and Mining Prodi Manufactures Prices of primary commodities, 2014-2019 (US$ price indices, January 2014=100) 400 300-World merchandise trade volume and real GDP growth, 2011-2018 4,691 4 3,1 2,74 2,886 2.9 2,461 2,3 2,534 2.8 2,8 2.4 2,261 2,4 2,3 2 1.357 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 -2 GDP Trade World merchandise trade volume and real GDP at market exchange rates, 2008- 2018 (Indices 2008=100) 300 200 100 - 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 World real GDP at market exchange rates World merchandise trade volume Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and 2010-19 2017 2018 2019 World merchandise exports 2,7 4,3 2,5 0.1$62.7B $1.18 Mozambique $50B - $99.99B $2.3B $20B - $49.99B Chile $6.7B South Africa $10B - $19.99B New Ze Argentina $13B $5B - $9.99B $3.6B Note: For visualization purposes $11.9B $2B - $4.99B we are only showing countries $1B - $1.99B with FDI inflows of $1B or more. How to read this map: Countries appear bigger as their FDI inflow is higher. e.g. United States. Conversely, countries that have a lower FDI inflows appear smaller e.g. Sudan. Article & Sources: https://howmuch.net/articles/countries-receiving-most-investment-from-abroad United Nations, World Investment Report 2018 - https://unctad.org howMuch FDI inflows: ton 10 host economies, Per cent United States 251 254 China 140 0 139 Singapore 110 . ............ + 42 78 Brazil 75 . .. . ....... + 26 60 Developed economies United Kingdom 31 2019* 65 2018 Hong Kong, China 55 104 Developing 52 ....... + 40 economies France 37 2019* 2018 India 49 Canada 47 43 Germany 40 + 232 12 Foreign direct investment inflows, top (x) = 2017 ranking United States (1) 252 277 China (2) 139 134 116 Hong Kong, China (3) Singapore (5) 78 76 Netherlands (7) 70 United Kingdom (4) 101 Brazil (6) 61 60 Australia (8) 42 Spain (17) 44 21 India (9) 42 40 40 Canada (15) 25 France (13) 37 30 Mexico (12) 32 32 Germany (11) 37 Italy (16) 24 22 Indonesia (18) 22 21 22 Israel (19) 18 Viet Nam (21) 16 14 Developed economies Korea, Republic of (20) 14 2018 2017 18 Developing and transition economies Russian Federation (14) 13 26 2018 2017 T (x) = 2017 ranking 143 p Japan (2) 160 130 China (3) N ld 102 France (9) 41 Hong Kong, China (6) 85 87 Germany (5) 92 Netherlands (14) 59 28 Canada (7) 50 80 United Kingdom (4) 50 118 Korea, Republic of (13) 1 39 Singapore (8Computer software, services and physical exports (Index 2012 = 100) Ireland 400 300 200 2016 158,358 100 53,18 0 Computer software services exports Computer software, services and nhvsical exports (Index 2010 = 100) Israel 1 000 800 638,807 600 2017 400 147,503 200 Computer software services exports World exports of physical optical media, e.g., software Computer software, services and physical exports (Index 2008 = 100) Korea 3 000Economies by size of merchandise trade, 2018 0 - 125 125 - 250 250 - 500 > 500 World merchandise exports by level of development, 2012 Q1-2018 Q4 (Volume index. 2012 Q1=100) Exports 100 2012Q1 2012Q3 2013Q1 201303 201401 201403 201501 201503 201601 201603 2017Q1 201703 2018Q1 201803 Developing economies and CIS Developed economies World World merchandise imports by level of development, 2012 Q1-2018 Q4 (Volume index, 2012 Q1=100) ImportsMerchandise imports by region, 2012 Q1-2018 Q4 (Volume index, 2012 Q1=100) Imports 100 2012Q1 201203 2013Q1 2013Q3 2014Q1 201403 2015Q1 201503 2016Q1 201603 2017Q1 2017Q3 2018Q1 2018Q3 Other regions b Asia Europe South America a North America Merchandise exports and imports by region, 2015Q1-2019Q4 (Volume indices 201501=100). Sou Imports Exports ri 100 100 201501 2016Q1 2017Q1 2018Q1 2019Q1 2015Q1 201601 2017Q1 2018Q1 2019Q1 Other Region: 2Asia Europe South America) North America other Regions Asia Europe South America North America Growth of selected developing economies in merchandise exports, 2008-2018 (Annual nercentage change) Viet Nam 0,146 Bangladesh 0,098 China 0,057 India 0,053 Mexico 0,045Merchandise trade of European Union, 2016-2019 (USD mld) 8 000 1 6 000 - 4 000 2 000 III 0 . Exports of total merchandise trade, by region, 2008 and 2018 (%) 2008 2018 3.60% 2.53% 3.90% 3.36% 4.40% 3.38% 6.03% 6.51% Europe 13.56% 37.59% Asia _41.04% North America 12.91% Middle East CIS South and Central America Africa 27.63% 33.56% Merchandise exports by region, 2012 Q1-2018 Q4 (Volume index, 2012 Q1=100) ExportsWorld merchandise exports by region and selected economy (USD mld, %) 1948 1953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2019 59 84 157 579 1838 3688 7382 18372 World (USD mid) 100.0 100,0 100,0 100.0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100.0 World 28.1 24.8 19.9 17,3 16,8 17.9 15.8 13.9 North America 90 United States of America 21,6 14,6 14.3 12,2 11,2 12,6 98 0.7 0.6 0,4 1,4 1.4 2,2 2.5 Mexico 0.9 5.5 5,2 4.3 4.6 4,2 3.9 3.7 2.4 Canada South and Central America and the Caribbean 11,3 9.7 6.4 4,3 4,5 3.0 3,1 3,2 Brazil 2.0 1,8 0.9 1,1 1,2 1.0 1,0 1,2 Chile 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 0,2 0.2 0,3 0.4 35.1 39.4 7,8 50.9 43.5 45.3 45.9 37,7 Europe 9.3 11,7 9.2 10.3 10,2 8.1 Germany (1) 1.4 5.3 Netherlands 2.0 3.0 3,6 4,7 3,5 3.8 4,0 3.9 3.4 4,8 5.2 6.3 France 5,2 6.0 5,3 3.1 United Kingdom 11,3 9.0 7.8 5.1 5,0 4.9 4,2 2.6 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), including associate and former member States 1,7 2,6 3.4 '2) Africa 7.3 6,5 5,7 4.8 4,5 2.5 2,4 2.5 2,0 1,6 1.5 1,0 1,0 0.7 0.5 0.5 South Africa (3) 2.0 2,7 3.2 4.1 6.7 3.5 4,1 5.3 Middle East 12,5 14.9 19.1 26.1 34.0 Asia 14.0 13.4 26.0 China 0.9 1.2 1,3 1.0 1,2 2,5 5.9 13.6 World merchandise imports by region and selected economy (USD mid, %) 1948 953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2019 1883 3805 7599 18798 World (USD mld) 62 85 164 594 100.0 100, 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 World 100.0 100.0 North America 18,5 20,5 16,1 17,2 18,5 21,3 22,7 18,6 13.C 13.9 11.4 12.4 14,3 15.9 17.1 13.7 United States of America 1,0 0.9 0.8 0,6 0.7 1,8 2.3 2,5 Mexico 4.4 5,5 3.9 4.2 3.4 3,7 3.2 2,5 Canada South and Central America and the Caribbean 10,4 8,3 6,0 4,4 3,9 3,3 2.5 3,3 1,8 1,6 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.7 1,0 Brazil 0.4 0,4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 Chile 45.3 43.7 52,0 53.3 44,1 44.5 44,3 36,5 Europe 4.5 8.0 9.2 8.1 8.0 6,6 Germany (1) 2.2 9.0 13.4 11,0 8,5 6,5 5.3 5.5 5.2 3.7 United Kingdom France 5.5 4.9 5.3 6.4 5.6 5.7 5.2 3,5 3.3 4.4 4.8 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.4 Netherlands 3.4 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 1,5 1,7 2.4 including associate and former member States (2) Africa 8,1 7,0 5,2 3,9 4,6 2.6 2.2 3,0 2.5 1,5 1,1 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.5 0,6 South Africa (3) 2,7 6.2 3,3 2,8 4,0 Middle East 1,7 2,2 2,3 13,9 14,9 18,5 23,5 23.8 Asia 15,1 14,1 32,2 0.6 1,6 0.9 0,9 1,1 2,7 5.4 11,0 China 1 1 28 41 65 6 7 64 50 3 8 Janan World merchandise trade volume and real GDP growth, 2011-2018 4,691 3,1 2,886 2.9 2,74 2.8 2.8 2,461 2,3 2,4 2.534 2,4 2,3 2,261 2 357