Based on the chapter below establish a detailed types of research and sample technique ( the method to collect the data will be an interview)

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

Freight transport demands in Jamaica from port to hinterland has doubled in the last decade, while the modal share of road has significantly increased. Its development is mainly favored by the current spatial distribution of human activities. The spatial structure of contemporary transportation networks is the expression of the spatial structure of distribution. Road transport generates important negative externalities in terms of environmental and social costs (congestion, pollution, infrastructure damages, and road accidents), it greatly increases the use and over-use of the motorway networks. Intermodal transport is defined by the International Transport Forum (2015) as the carriage of goods by at least two different modes of transport in the same loading unit without stuffing or stripping operations when changing modes.

Schulz (2021) defines freight cost/rate as the price at which certain cargo is delivered from one point to another. The price depends on the form of the cargo, the mode of transport (truck, ship, train, aircraft), the weight of the cargo, and the distance to the delivery destination. The term "port congestion", refers to a condition where there are too many cargo ships waiting in line to dock at a berth for the loading or unloading of their cargo than a port can accommodate. When transport systems are efficient, they provide economical and social opportunities and benefits that result in positive multiplier effects such as better accessibility to markets, employment, and additional investments. Cravene & Philippe (2017) remarks that railways are unquestionably important in the development of a more sustainable, safer, and environmentally friendly transportation system. Railways, as the backbone of sustainable transportation, including energy efficiency, resilient infrastructure, and access to sustainable transportation. This chapter will cover four areas of interest, which include the rail transport system's socio-economic benefits, the implementation of rail transport to reduce port congestion, the benefits of rail transport in the achievement of environmental sustainability, and the incentives for freight railways.

Rail transport system: Socio-economic benefits

The term "socio" as defined by Vocabulary.com (n.d.) is the studying of people's behaviors which includes how they interact with each other. The word "economic" refers to the economy which includes people's income and finances. So 'socio-economics' can be defined as the financial and social behavior of people and the economy.

World Bank (2016) states that railways are a climate-smart and efficient way to move millions of people and tens of millions of freight. Railway transport on an economical level is important in the sense that it not only promotes cutting greenhouse gas emissions but that it can generate billions of revenue and jobs. Association of America (2022) explained that the use of railway is beneficial on an economic level because it saves and generates billions of dollars while reducing energy consumption and pollution while lowering greenhouse gas emissions, cutting highway gridlocks, reducing the high cost to taxpayers, and supporting jobs.

On a social level Salveson, Mowforth, Taylor, and Jackson (1998) demonstrated that the railway is important because it provides access to employment, education, shops and leisure, friends and relatives, and higher quality than any other any other tansport modality. Also helping to relieve rural roads from increasing traffic which is smothering to local communities. They went on to explain that the railway is socially beneficial because it accrues individuals, families, businesses, and communities. These include access to facilities and opportunities, possible economic revitalization of the area or the nodes (stations) on the route, improved material conditions for individuals or communities which can explore the potential for income and business generation along the line, increased participation in community events (social cohesion) and improved opportunities for shopping or leisure offered down the line (Salveson, Mowforth, Taylor, & Jenkinson, 1998).

The implementation of rail transport to reduce port congestion

The term "port congestion", refers to a condition where there are too many cargo ships waiting in line to dock at a berth for the loading or unloading of their cargo than a port can accommodate. However, several causes could lead to a result of this nature which includes lack of port yard space and port hinterland connections (Manaadiar, Port Congestion - causes, consequences and impact on global trade, 2020). Referred to as 'Vehicle Gate Congestion', this occurs from a lack of proper programming of landward access of trucks scheduled to arrive at the port's gate. This effect leads to a result of congestion at the port as it increases the time at which trucks are unloaded and loaded for transporting goods from port to hinterland destinations (Gidado, 2015).

Aisha, Ouhimmou, & Pauquet (2020) explains that the flow of containers from the port to the next destination poses a great challenge for many container terminals in the ports. Where the use of trains is at a disadvantage when it comes down to offering door-to-door services, trucks are often delayed due to congestion. Subsequently, the use of trains has the advantage of preventing congestion, thus decreasing the time of delivering containers which leads to a result in the minimization of transport cost and acceleration of the flow of containers from the port (Aisha, Ouhimmou, & Pauquet, 2020).

Carramolino, Prez, Cervera, & Pruonosa (2019) gave a solution to reduce port congestion, with the implementation of a Just-In-Time (JIT) Rail Shuttle service at the port which would allow containers to be unloaded from the ship and loaded directly onto trains, this would minimize congestion of containers at the terminal by allowing the shuttle to make round trips within one day to allow containers to be loaded on the first available JIT rail service.

Benefits of rail transport in the achievement of environmental sustainability

The term "environmental sustainability" has come to contain these ideas in relation to the nature of the biosphere. That is, for business, products and actions to be sustainable, the biosphere must support and bear them. The biosphere must also be protected and upheld in the longer term. Sustainability concepts have also been applied to social situations (Carew & Mitchell, 2008).

According to Carew & Mitchell (2008), the organization of urban freight distribution is almost entirely based on the use of vehicles. Due to the predominance of diesel vehicles, urban freight traffic has significant impacts in terms of energy consumption and pollutant emissions. Rail urban projects appear to be the best solution for providing sustainable mobility for the growing urban population in many cities because they provide just as fast, regular, safe, and comfortable services with medium-high capacity (Cascajo, 2005).

Railways are unquestionably important in the development of a more sustainable, safer, and environmentally friendly transportation system. Railways can be considered as the backbone of sustainable transportation, including energy efficiency, resilient infrastructure, access to sustainable transportation, resilience to climate-related hazards, and the promotion of environmentally sound technologies and multi-stakeholder partnerships (Cravene & Philippe, 2017).

According to the report from the International Transport Forum (2015), road transport consumes the most energy and emits the most CO2/ greenhouse gasses, followed by aviation and shipping transport modalities. Within the transportation sector, railway accounts for 2% of CO2 emissions. As a result, railways are among the best performers in the transportation sector in terms of environmental sustainability.

Veitch & Schwarz (2005), who collected data from 28 EU countries and published it in 2014, back up this claim. According to the data, railway transport is the best performer, emitting only 7 million tonnes of CO2, while road transport emits 833.3 million tonnes.

Incentives to freight railway

Law Insider (2019) and the U.S. Department of Transportation (2020) stated that freight railway incentives are the rail's overall performance and at the same time, transporting of cargo as opposed to human passengers. A freight train, or goods train, is a group of freight cars or goods wagons hauled by one or more locomotives on a railway, transporting cargo all or part of the way between the shipper and the intended destination as a phase of the logistics chain.

Marzano et al. (2018) stated that rail freight transport is widely regarded as potentially cost-effective and is environmentally sustainable, owing to its ability to enable economies of scale while significantly lowering pollution levels and additional externalities. The importance of imparting excellent incentives to railway undertakings has a positive key coverage to promote rail freight transport in a short period and to maintain the frequently prolonged upgrading transition of infrastructure performance.

Filippi, Alessandrini, Site, & Salucci (2012) mentioned that to reap the advantages of this more sustainable mode of transport, a few countries gain significant benefits from implementing revolutionary freight distribution schemes where the use of railway transport enhances the effective freight distribution in cities and maintains environmental sustainability in municipalities by adopting policies particularly targeted to freight traffic.

Summary

Socio-economics is a compilation of social and economic activities in a country. Socio-economics can be defined as the financial and social behavior of people and the economy. Studies have shown that railway transport is climate-smart and effective since it promotes the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Implementing railways in cities can generate billions of revenue and jobs. Railways transport help to reduce energy consumption and pollution is gradually lowered. Time is also saved as this transportation cuts through highway gridlocks. Additional benefits on a social level show that the railway provides access to employment, education, markets and leisure, friends and relatives and higher service quality than all the transport modes such as road (bus). Congestion is lowered which was a significant issue for cities or communities without rail. Additional research explains that railway is also beneficial because it accrues individuals, families, businesses, and communities.

Port congestion is a condition where several ships are waiting in line for a significant period at the port to load or discharge their cargo but they are unable to do so efficiently as the port can only accommodate a few ships at a time. Several causes lead to port congestion which includes vehicle gate congestion (Port hinterland connectivity) which creates congestion due to improper planning and programming of truck arrivals at the port. Research has proven that the implementation of rail shuttle services such as a Just-In-time (JIT) rail service would decrease the occurrence of port congestion as cargo would be transported at a more efficient and cost-effective pace.

In terms of environmental sustainability, railways are among the best performers in the transportation sector. Railway transport is the best performer, emitting only 7 million tonnes of CO2, while road transport emits 833.3 million tonnes. Energy efficiency, resilient infrastructure, and access to sustainable transportation are all features of railways, which serve as the backbone of sustainable transportation. They offer medium to high capacity services that are quick, consistent, safe, and comfortable.

Freight railway incentives are the rail's overall performance and at the same time, through transporting cargo as opposed to human passengers. Rail freight transport is widely considered potentially cost-effective and is environmentally sustainable due to its ability to enable economies of scale while significantly lowering pollution levels and extra externalities. The importance of imparting excellent incentives to railway has a positive key coverage to push rail freight transport in an exceedingly short space of time and to take care of the frequently prolonged upgrading transition of infrastructure performance. To reap the benefits of this more sustainable transport mode, some countries are implementing revolutionary freight distribution schemes where rail is employed. Such a scheme enhances the effectiveness of freight distribution in cities and attains environmental sustainability in municipalities by adopting policies particularly targeted to freight traffic.