Based on the issues with using the dividend discount model to estimate "g", we will proceed from here using the estimated CAPM cost of equity.

Calculate the cost of debt

The cost of debt, on a pre-tax basis, is the yield on a firm's bonds. Walmart has at least 50 long-term bonds, the weighted average yield on these bonds is 3.2%. On the other hand, a simplified cost of debt can be calculated as the interest expenses divided by two year average of book value of debt. For Walmart, the book and market value of debt is nearly identical. This estimated cost of debt is 4.49%.

For our purposes, we will take the average, and use 3.85% as the pre-tax cost of debt (preliminary)

Now that we have the average pre-tax cost of debt, we need to account for the underwriter spread. We are simplifying from flotation costs calculated for equity. The adjusted pre-tax cost of debt should be the estimated rate adjusted for total flotation costs (the sum of the underwriter spread and other flotation costs). We calculate this adjusted pre-tax cost of debt as:

5) What is the adjusted pre-tax cost of debt (r_d)?[show your work below]