BASED ON THIS INFO:

EDIT THE SECTION FOR THE METHODS, SUBJECTS, PROCEDURE, AND STATSICAL ANAYLYSIS FOLLOWING THESE EDITS:

Two key notes and a reference:

• The term 'control' leads the reader to believe that you have a 'no warm up' condition - change it to the self-directed or self-determined warm up.
• Remove any language in your statistical analysis regarding a relationship - you are assessing differences in groups, not relationships.
• There are a few things missing from your statistical analysis section. Below is from the guidelines:

Describe the research variables by listing them as either the independent and dependent variables (experimental research) or the criterion and predictor variables (correlation research). Include all levels of each variable. For example, if the independent variable is gender, the levels would be male and female.

State that the demographic data will be analyzed with descriptive statistics.State that the hypotheses (state each hypothesis) will be analyzed with inferential statistics. If the research question is regarding a relationship, the statistical analysis was completed with a Pearson Product Moment Correlation. State that the correlation value of 0.7 was used to indicate that a relationship exists between the variables. If the research question is regarding differences, the statistical analysis was complete with an independent groups t-test. State that the level of significance was set a .05. Regardless of the research question, state that IBM SPSS version 25 was used to run all statistical analyses in the study.

Abstract

A warm up prepares the body for what is about to occur. It warms up the muscles and prepares the systems in the body for movement. Warm ups are also important for preventing injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a warm up on performance. The study determines the effects of a group led warm up and individuals own warm up. The participants (n=10) completed their own 5 minute warm up on the first day and on the second day researchers led a standardized 5 minute warm up. Observations were obtained during their own warm up, and this baseline measurement will serve as the control against the other warm-up that will be compared. Each participant on each day completed a warm up 40 yard dash and then a recorded 40 yard dash. A paired samples t-test performed to analyze the significance of a group lead warm up on 40 yard dash times. Additionally, sex and other differneces were analyized with descriptive statistics. No significant differnaces was found between warm-ups (p > .05). The null hypothesis is accepted. In conclusion, neither the group lead, or individual warp up had enough evidence to support the influence on 40 yard dash times. Introduction

Warm-ups are are apart of every single exercise movement, they are seen in sport and receatinal use. They are a crucial part of the exercises and if not performed could risk injury.

Effects Of Not Completing a Warm-up

A warm up is defined as the preparatory exercise that is completed prior to the exercise that can prevent injury or improve performance (McCrary et al., 2015). Some research has also shown that a warm up might hinder performance, and have a negative effect on injury due to the fact that the research is not unanimous. There is even more divide in the research of what moment should be completed before certain movements. This is especially true in regard to a dynamic and static warm up. Some research suggests that certain movements can hinder certain performances. For example, a static warm up might affect performance on sprinting and jumping activities (Chaouachi et al., 2010).

Effect Of a Warm-up on Performance

Completing a warm up might have an effect on performance. Performance can be defined as an improvement in a measure in the output of a particular exercise, and then improving the initial measurement (Fradkin et al., 2010). Performance can be related to training performances including the 40-yard dash. A warm up is crucial in helping a person prepare for exercise. Not only does a warm up give someone knowledge of what they are about to do, but it is crucial in preventing injury. Typically, an athletic team or player will put emphasis on warming up but certain research is supportive that everyone might benefit from warming up before exercising.

In the study with Harvey W. Wallmann from the Internatinal Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, conducted a research study which investigates the effects of a dynamic warm up on 40 meter dash performances. The study suggests that 40-yard sprint performance may improve without stretching, and instead with a generalized "warm-up task". There were no significant differences in sprint times between pre- and post-stretch conditions for static, dynamic, or ballistic stretching. There was a significant improvement in sprint times from pre- to post-sprint in the no-stretch condition (IN TEXT).

Another research study that was conducted was titled Complementing Warm-up with Stretching Routines: Effects in Sprint Performance which looked at the relationship between adding a stretching warm up routine and the effects on sprint performance and physiological response. The research found that subjects were 1.7% faster after static stretching and 0.8% faster after dynamic stretching when compared to the control (IN TEXT). Ultimately, there is a relationship between a warm up and performance, however more research needs to be done more specifically on this topic.

Dynamic Warm up

The variables that we will be using in our project are a dynamic warm up and sometimes "normal" warm up. A dynamic warm up can be defined as moving while you stretch. A "normal" warm up can be defined as something that the individual does normally prior to their workout. Although certain correlations exist between performance and a warm up significant relationships have not been identified. This is why our research takes a deeper dive into this topic to try to gain a deeper understanding of these issues.

What type of Warm-up Should be Performed?

An exact warm up mechanism for each exercise does not exist, but research can suggest certain movements to compete for certain exercises. These preparatory exercises are to warm up the muscles that you will use, get the blood circulating, and enhance training performances (Fradkin et al., 2010). This aimes to determine which warm up, group lead or individual, will have the greatest effect on 40 yard dash times.

Hypothesis

It was hypothesized that performing a group lead warm up compared to an individual warm up will increase 40 yard dash performance.

Methods

This study utilized a randomized, controlled, crossover design to determine the differences in performance between warm-ups.

Subjects

This study utilized a volunteer method of recruiting subjects. The study included ten college aged exercise science students. Eight subjects were male and two subjects were female.

Subject Selection

The sample used in the research study was ten subjects. The subject selection was chosen based on volunteers.

Measurements

This study measured the duration of the sprint (time trial in seconds) for two sprints, one for the control condition sprint and one for the intervention sprint. These times will be compared to one another.

Procedure

To investigate the difference between a dynamic warm-up and a control condition on 40-yard dash performance, a controlled, crossover, experimental design will be utilized. Participants will be recruited, ensuring they meet the criteria of being physically active individuals without any recent injuries that could affect their performance. The participants will be completing both the control condition the first day, prescribed warm-up the second day, and the times for each trial will be compared.

Before the experiment begins, all participants will go through a baseline assessment to determine their initial 40-yard dash performance. This baseline measurement will serve as the control measure against where other performances will be compared. The 40-yard dash will be conducted on a standard track surface, with timing recorded using electronic timers to ensure accuracy.

In the dynamic warm-up condition, participants will engage in different types of dynamic stretching exercises targeting major muscle groups involved in sprinting. This warm-up routine will include movements such as leg swings, high knees, A-skips and B-skips. This is designed to increase blood flow, muscle temperature, range of motion, and to mimic the motion of sprinting. Participants will be guided through the warm-up routine by an instructor to ensure consistency and proper technique. In the control condition, participants will engage in a self-determined warm-up for the same duration as the prescribed dynamic warm-up.

Following the warm-up or rest period, participants will proceed to perform the 40-yard dash. Each participant will perform a warm-up trial for familiarization and then the dash itself once. The time taken to complete the dash will be recorded in seconds with a stopwatch.

Statistical Analysis

The primary analysis will involve comparing the average 40-yard dash performance between the dynamic warm-up group and the control group. A paired-samples t-test will be used to determine if there is a statistically significant difference in performance between the two conditions. This analysis will assess whether the dynamic warm-up leads to improved sprint performance compared to the control condition.

Additionally, descriptive statistics such as means and standard deviations will be calculated for both groups to provide a summary of the data distribution. Intervals may also be calculated to estimate how accurate the observed differences are between conditions.

To further explore the relationship between the dynamic warm-up and sprint performance, correlational analyses may be conducted to examine whether individual characteristics such as age, gender, or fitness level impact the effects of the warm-up on performance. This analysis could provide insights into potential factors that influence the effectiveness of the warm-up.

Results

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of different warm-ups, a control and a given dynamic warm-up, on sprint performance. This study utilized a controlled, crossover, experimental design split into two testing days. On day one, participants were told to perform a 5 minute warm-up on their own with whatever movements they wanted. On day two, participants were given a five minute dynamic warm-up including a jog around the track, a-skips, leg swings, high knees, and butt kicks. Following each warm-up, participants performed a familiarization sprint. Each participant then performed their sprint.

There were 10 subjects in total, eight of whom were male, and 2 of whom were female. None of the subjects had caffeine prior to the start of the test. All subjects consumed breakfast prior to the start of the test. Table 1 describes the demographic information on the subjects.

Table 1 Descriptive Statistics of Subjects
Variable	Mean	SD	Range	Max	Min
Age (yrs)	20.8	1.135	3	23	20
Height (in)	69.2	3.011	10	74	64
Weight (lbs)	173.05	38.869	115	250	135
Note. n = 10

A paired samples t-test was run to assess the data. The mean dash time when participants performed their own warm-up (5.25 7.1) was not significantly different than the mean dash time when participants performed a given warm-up (5.14 7.2) t(9) = 1.420, p > 0.05. This means that there was almost no difference between the two warm-ups and the null hypothesis is to be accepted. Table 2 and Graph 1 describe the inferential statistics.

Table 2 Difference of Own Warm-Up and Given Warm-Up on a 40 yd Dash Time
Variable	Mean	SD	Min	Max	Sig.
Own Warm-Up Time	5.25	7.1	4.41	5.77	.189
Given Warm-Up Time	5.14	7.2	4.78	5.77
Note. n = 10 * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01

Discussion

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of different warm-ups on 40-yard dash times. It was found that on average, 40-yard dash times decreased after following the prescribed, sprinting specific warm-up.This decrease was not drastic enough to be termed significant.

Theme 1

It was hypothesized that the prescribed warm-up would produce faster times in the 40-yard dash. This was not proven by the data, as the difference in times was not significant. This hypothesis was supported by literature that states it is best to employ a warm-up similar to the activity being performed.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the research does not indicate a difference in sprint time following a prescribed warm-up compared to a warm-up created by the individual. More studies will need to be conducted in order to produce data with statistical significance to prove a difference is present.

Limitations

Multiple limitations should be considered when interpreting the results of the research study. The study's sample size was relatively small, consisting of only 10 subjects. With a larger sample size, the credibility of the findings would be made more reliable. Subjects were also all physically active exercise science students, with some participants being collegiate athletes. These demographics may limit the generalizability of the findings to other demographic groups. Confounding variables present include differences in diet and hydration levels amongst subjects. In contrast, time of day was kept constant as well as setting of data collection.

Relevance

The findings of this study hold significance in the context of how to best prepare the body for physical activity to prevent injury and increase performance. Numerous injuries in sport have been associated with improper warm-up techniques. Identifying these improper warm-up techniques and replacing them with techniques supported by research is essential in preventing injuries and producing optimal performance.

The present study compared 40-yard dash times following an athletes own warm-up, as well as following a warm-up prescribed to the athlete. The prescribed warm-up was sprint specific and thought by researchers to be optimal in increasing performance. Understanding why different warm-ups are used and the importance of them is crucial.

The findings suggest that although the significance of sprint time between warm-up groups is low, a more tailored and extensive warm-up may provide a more optimal outcome.

Future Research

While the study provides valuable insights into the relationship between warm-ups and sprint time, several avenues for future research should be considered to further explain this relationship.

Firstly, other studies may utilize longitudinal designs to establish causality. Examining whether the same warm-up will provide more benefit if done over a longer period may be beneficial. Longitudinal designs would also allow for more trials and therefore more data.

Secondly, other studies may perform the same experiment but recruit more subjects to for a larger sample size. This paired with a randomized method of subject recruitment would result in the ability to better generalize results.