Based onresearch on the effects of violent video games, which of the following statements is true?

Select one:

a.

males are relatively less likely than females to act aggressively after playing violent video games

b.

moderating variables such as social connectedness add to the effects of media violence

c.

students who obtain higher grades are more likely to behave aggressively after exposure to violent video games

d.

violent video games are connected with an increase in juvenile delinquency

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Miguel is a barista at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100 every day at 9pm, regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this example, Miguel's payment is based on the _____________.

Select one:

a.

variable-ratio schedule

b.

fixed-interval schedule

c.

variable-interval schedule

d.

fixed-ratio schedule

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In the context of operant conditioning, an example of _____________ is when you keep posting on social media to receive more "likes"

Select one:

a.

unconditioned stimulus

b.

reinforcement

c.

unconditioned response

d.

punishment

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positive reinforcement _____________ the probability of a behavior occurring, and negative reinforcement _____________ the probability of a behavior occurring.

Select one:

a.

increases; increases

b.

decreases; decreases

c.

decreases; increases

d.

increases; decreases

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Which is the following statements is true of classical conditioning?

Select one:

a.

it is involuntary, automatic learning

b.

it involves attaching consequences to behavior

c.

it is a complex form of learning that uses reinforcement

d.

it focuses on what organisms do about their environments

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Ozzy entered a taco-eating contest when he was in college. He ate 37 tacos, buthe felt nauseated and threw up alittle while later. For several years, the sight and smell of tacos made him feel sick.In this scenario, Ozzy's aversion totacos occurred through _____________.

Select one:

a.

observational learning

b.

operant conditioning

c.

insight

d.

classical conditioning

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Kaylee's parents watch for the school bus to arrive every morning. They are repeatedly looking out the window to see if the bus has arrived. This schedule is a _____________.

Select one:

a.

fixed-interval schedule

b.

fixed-ratio schedule

c.

variable-ratio schedule

d.

variable-interval schedule

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According to the textbook, children watching violence in the media are potentially influenced by all of the following EXCEPT _____________.

Select one:

a.

reduced probability of aggressive behavior

b.

observational learning might promote such behaviors

c.

increased emotional arousal

d.

habituation to violence may occur

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Gladys cries each time she hears a song on the radio that she and her ex-boyfriend used to enjoy. Hearing the song brings back memories of the good times they had before he broke off the relationship. Which of the following statements explains why Gladys cries when she hears the song?

Select one:

a.

the song is an unconditioned stimulus that she still associates with the good times that she now misses

b.

the break-up of the relationship was a conditioned stimulus that elicited a conditioned response of crying

c.

she was positively reinforced with the song and now she is not receiving the reinforcers anymore

d.

the song is a conditioned stimulus that she still associates with the good times that she now misses

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Jacob's dog barks and growls at the sound of a stranger's car pulling into his driveway, yet the dog wags its tail and gets excited at the sound of Jacob's car. In this example, the difference in the dog's reactions to the sound of Jacob's car and that of a stranger's car is due to _____________.

Select one:

a.

spontaneous recovery

b.

free association

c.

discrimination

d.

generalization