Because an invasion revolution in the Eastern European country of Framia threatens to topple its government, the President orders federal troops to invade Framia. In response, Congress passes a resolution directing the President to recall the troops. The President refuses to do so and then a lawsuit is filed in U.S. District Court seeking an order compelling the President to comply with the congressional directive. Which of the following would be the President's most effective argument in opposition to that proceeding?

Select one:

a. The matter is a non-justiciable political question.

b. The presidential order sending troops to Framia amounted to a declaration of war.

c. U.S. District Courts lack power over the President.

d. The President is commander-in-chief of the armed forces.